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//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
// * Neither the name of NVIDIA CORPORATION nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
// from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
// CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
// EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
// PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
// OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// This file was generated by NvParameterized/scripts/GenParameterized.pl
#include "ClothingActorParam_0p9.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace NvParameterized;
namespace nvidia
{
namespace parameterized
{
using namespace ClothingActorParam_0p9NS;
const char* const ClothingActorParam_0p9Factory::vptr =
NvParameterized::getVptr<ClothingActorParam_0p9, ClothingActorParam_0p9::ClassAlignment>();
const uint32_t NumParamDefs = 72;
static NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDefTable; // now allocated in buildTree [NumParamDefs];
static const size_t ParamLookupChildrenTable[] =
{
1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 40, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32,
37, 38, 39, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51,
52, 57, 58, 62, 64, 71,
};
#define TENUM(type) nvidia::##type
#define CHILDREN(index) &ParamLookupChildrenTable[index]
static const NvParameterized::ParamLookupNode ParamLookupTable[NumParamDefs] =
{
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, 0, CHILDREN(0), 28 },
{ TYPE_MAT44, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->globalPose), NULL, 0 }, // globalPose
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->useHardwareCloth), NULL, 0 }, // useHardwareCloth
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->flags), CHILDREN(28), 4 }, // flags
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->ParallelCpuSkinning), NULL, 0 }, // flags.ParallelCpuSkinning
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->RecomputeNormals), NULL, 0 }, // flags.RecomputeNormals
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->Visualize), NULL, 0 }, // flags.Visualize
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->CorrectSimulationNormals), NULL, 0 }, // flags.CorrectSimulationNormals
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->fallbackSkinning), NULL, 0 }, // fallbackSkinning
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->slowStart), NULL, 0 }, // slowStart
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->useInternalBoneOrder), NULL, 0 }, // useInternalBoneOrder
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->updateStateWithGlobalMatrices), NULL, 0 }, // updateStateWithGlobalMatrices
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->uvChannelForTangentUpdate), NULL, 0 }, // uvChannelForTangentUpdate
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->maxDistanceBlendTime), NULL, 0 }, // maxDistanceBlendTime
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->clothingMaterialIndex), NULL, 0 }, // clothingMaterialIndex
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->lodWeights), CHILDREN(32), 4 }, // lodWeights
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->maxDistance), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.maxDistance
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->distanceWeight), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.distanceWeight
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->bias), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.bias
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->benefitsBias), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.benefitsBias
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->windParams), CHILDREN(36), 2 }, // windParams
{ TYPE_VEC3, false, (size_t)(&((WindParameters_Type*)0)->Velocity), NULL, 0 }, // windParams.Velocity
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((WindParameters_Type*)0)->Adaption), NULL, 0 }, // windParams.Adaption
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->maxDistanceScale), CHILDREN(38), 2 }, // maxDistanceScale
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((MaxDistanceScale_Type*)0)->Scale), NULL, 0 }, // maxDistanceScale.Scale
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((MaxDistanceScale_Type*)0)->Multipliable), NULL, 0 }, // maxDistanceScale.Multipliable
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // userData
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->boneMatrices), CHILDREN(40), 1 }, // boneMatrices
{ TYPE_MAT44, false, 1 * sizeof(physx::PxMat44), NULL, 0 }, // boneMatrices[]
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->clothDescTemplate), CHILDREN(41), 6 }, // clothDescTemplate
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->collisionResponseCoefficient), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.collisionResponseCoefficient
{ TYPE_U16, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->collisionGroup), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.collisionGroup
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->groupsMask), CHILDREN(47), 4 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits0), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits1), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits2), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits3), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3
{ TYPE_BOUNDS3, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->validBounds), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.validBounds
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->compartment), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.compartment
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.userData
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->shapeDescTemplate), CHILDREN(51), 6 }, // shapeDescTemplate
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->flags), CHILDREN(57), 5 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_VISUALIZATION), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_VISUALIZATION
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES
{ TYPE_U16, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->collisionGroup), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.collisionGroup
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->groupsMask), CHILDREN(62), 4 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits0), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits1), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits2), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits3), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3
{ TYPE_U16, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->materialIndex), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.materialIndex
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.userData
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->name), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.name
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->actorDescTemplate), CHILDREN(66), 2 }, // actorDescTemplate
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ActorDescTemplate_Type*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // actorDescTemplate.userData
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ActorDescTemplate_Type*)0)->name), NULL, 0 }, // actorDescTemplate.name
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->actorScale), NULL, 0 }, // actorScale
{ TYPE_REF, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->runtimeCooked), NULL, 0 }, // runtimeCooked
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->morphDisplacements), CHILDREN(68), 1 }, // morphDisplacements
{ TYPE_VEC3, false, 1 * sizeof(physx::PxVec3), NULL, 0 }, // morphDisplacements[]
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions), CHILDREN(69), 1 }, // morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions
{ TYPE_VEC3, false, 1 * sizeof(physx::PxVec3), NULL, 0 }, // morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions[]
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency), NULL, 0 }, // allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->useVelocityClamping), NULL, 0 }, // useVelocityClamping
{ TYPE_BOUNDS3, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->vertexVelocityClamp), NULL, 0 }, // vertexVelocityClamp
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->pressure), NULL, 0 }, // pressure
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones), NULL, 0 }, // multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->overrideMaterialNames), CHILDREN(70), 1 }, // overrideMaterialNames
{ TYPE_STRING, false, 1 * sizeof(NvParameterized::DummyStringStruct), NULL, 0 }, // overrideMaterialNames[]
};
bool ClothingActorParam_0p9::mBuiltFlag = false;
NvParameterized::MutexType ClothingActorParam_0p9::mBuiltFlagMutex;
ClothingActorParam_0p9::ClothingActorParam_0p9(NvParameterized::Traits* traits, void* buf, int32_t* refCount) :
NvParameters(traits, buf, refCount)
{
//mParameterizedTraits->registerFactory(className(), &ClothingActorParam_0p9FactoryInst);
if (!buf) //Do not init data if it is inplace-deserialized
{
initDynamicArrays();
initStrings();
initReferences();
initDefaults();
}
}
ClothingActorParam_0p9::~ClothingActorParam_0p9()
{
freeStrings();
freeReferences();
freeDynamicArrays();
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::destroy()
{
// We cache these fields here to avoid overwrite in destructor
bool doDeallocateSelf = mDoDeallocateSelf;
NvParameterized::Traits* traits = mParameterizedTraits;
int32_t* refCount = mRefCount;
void* buf = mBuffer;
this->~ClothingActorParam_0p9();
NvParameters::destroy(this, traits, doDeallocateSelf, refCount, buf);
}
const NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterDefinitionTree(void)
{
if (!mBuiltFlag) // Double-checked lock
{
NvParameterized::MutexType::ScopedLock lock(mBuiltFlagMutex);
if (!mBuiltFlag)
{
buildTree();
}
}
return(&ParamDefTable[0]);
}
const NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterDefinitionTree(void) const
{
ClothingActorParam_0p9* tmpParam = const_cast<ClothingActorParam_0p9*>(this);
if (!mBuiltFlag) // Double-checked lock
{
NvParameterized::MutexType::ScopedLock lock(mBuiltFlagMutex);
if (!mBuiltFlag)
{
tmpParam->buildTree();
}
}
return(&ParamDefTable[0]);
}
NvParameterized::ErrorType ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterHandle(const char* long_name, Handle& handle) const
{
ErrorType Ret = NvParameters::getParameterHandle(long_name, handle);
if (Ret != ERROR_NONE)
{
return(Ret);
}
size_t offset;
void* ptr;
getVarPtr(handle, ptr, offset);
if (ptr == NULL)
{
return(ERROR_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE);
}
return(ERROR_NONE);
}
NvParameterized::ErrorType ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterHandle(const char* long_name, Handle& handle)
{
ErrorType Ret = NvParameters::getParameterHandle(long_name, handle);
if (Ret != ERROR_NONE)
{
return(Ret);
}
size_t offset;
void* ptr;
getVarPtr(handle, ptr, offset);
if (ptr == NULL)
{
return(ERROR_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE);
}
return(ERROR_NONE);
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::getVarPtr(const Handle& handle, void*& ptr, size_t& offset) const
{
ptr = getVarPtrHelper(&ParamLookupTable[0], const_cast<ClothingActorParam_0p9::ParametersStruct*>(¶meters()), handle, offset);
}
/* Dynamic Handle Indices */
/* [0] - overrideMaterialNames (not an array of structs) */
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeParameterDefinitionTable(NvParameterized::Traits* traits)
{
if (!traits)
{
return;
}
if (!mBuiltFlag) // Double-checked lock
{
return;
}
NvParameterized::MutexType::ScopedLock lock(mBuiltFlagMutex);
if (!mBuiltFlag)
{
return;
}
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NumParamDefs; ++i)
{
ParamDefTable[i].~DefinitionImpl();
}
traits->free(ParamDefTable);
mBuiltFlag = false;
}
#define PDEF_PTR(index) (&ParamDefTable[index])
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::buildTree(void)
{
uint32_t allocSize = sizeof(NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl) * NumParamDefs;
ParamDefTable = (NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl*)(mParameterizedTraits->alloc(allocSize));
memset(ParamDefTable, 0, allocSize);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NumParamDefs; ++i)
{
NV_PARAM_PLACEMENT_NEW(ParamDefTable + i, NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl)(*mParameterizedTraits);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=0, longName=""
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[0];
ParamDef->init("", TYPE_STRUCT, "STRUCT", true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=1, longName="globalPose"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[1];
ParamDef->init("globalPose", TYPE_MAT44, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[1].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "The pose where the clothing asset will be put into the scene", true);
ParamDefTable[1].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=2, longName="useHardwareCloth"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[2];
ParamDef->init("useHardwareCloth", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Turns on hardware acceleration for the cloth simulation", true);
ParamDefTable[2].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=3, longName="flags"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[3];
ParamDef->init("flags", TYPE_STRUCT, "ClothingActorFlags", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "A selection of flags, can be updated at runtime.", true);
ParamDefTable[3].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=4, longName="flags.ParallelCpuSkinning"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[4];
ParamDef->init("ParallelCpuSkinning", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "All graphical vertices without correspondence to physical vertices or\ntriangles are skinned normally. This flag specifies whether this happens\nduring Physics scene simulation, or after.\nNote: If this flag is set, an inconsistency can arise when calling\nNxClothingActor::updateRenderResource in between NxApexScene::simulate\nand NxApexScene::fetchResults. As a workaround, you should only call\nNxClothingActor::updateRenderResources _after_ NxApexScene::fetchResults\nhas terminated.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Determines whether or not to perform CPU skinning in parallel", true);
ParamDefTable[4].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=5, longName="flags.RecomputeNormals"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[5];
ParamDef->init("RecomputeNormals", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "This usually leads to better looking results, but is more expensive to\ncompute. Default is off.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Fully recomputes the normals on the final mesh.", true);
ParamDefTable[5].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=6, longName="flags.Visualize"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[6];
ParamDef->init("Visualize", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Determines whether or not to display debug visualization for this clothing actor", true);
ParamDefTable[6].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=7, longName="flags.CorrectSimulationNormals"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[7];
ParamDef->init("CorrectSimulationNormals", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "The MaxDistance=0 vertices can have a perturbed simulation normal. This usually\nhappens only for meshes where the MaxDistance=0 vertices are somewhere in the\nmiddle separating a simulated and non-simulated region. The normal for those\nvertices will be computed only by the simulated triangles which can lead to\nwrong results.\nThis solution will use the normals from the original simulation mesh and skin\nthem with respect to the local pose.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[7].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=8, longName="fallbackSkinning"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[8];
ParamDef->init("fallbackSkinning", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Performs the regular boneweighted skinning on the CPU before giving the\ndata out through the rendering API.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Performs skinning in software", true);
ParamDefTable[8].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=9, longName="slowStart"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[9];
ParamDef->init("slowStart", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "The first time a NxClothingActor starts to be simulated is with full max\ndistance. This prevents starting with full max distance and instead blending\nin as it will do the second time.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Prevents from having full max distance right from the start", true);
ParamDefTable[9].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=10, longName="useInternalBoneOrder"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[10];
ParamDef->init("useInternalBoneOrder", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[10].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "If this is set to true the bone buffers in updateState and the actor\ndescriptor have to be given in the same order as the bones are stored\ninternally in the asset. This can be queried using\nNxClothingAsset::getNumUsedBones and NxClothingAsset::getBoneName or\nNxClothingAsset::getBoneMapping.\n\nIf this is set to false, the bone buffers can be provided in the order as\nthey are stored in the application. This is either the bone order at\nauthoring time, or NxClothingAsset::remapBoneIndex can be called for each\nbone to let APEX know about the current ordering in the game. Note that\nthis is only recommended if the application already uses physx::PxMat44\n(or something binary equivalent) and does not have to convert the matrices.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "Expect internally ordered bone arrays in updateState call.", true);
ParamDefTable[10].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=11, longName="updateStateWithGlobalMatrices"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[11];
ParamDef->init("updateStateWithGlobalMatrices", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Depending on what matrices are present, the state can be updated using\nglobal world or object space bone matrices or composite matrices. The\ncomposite matrix can be generated by multiplying the world or object space\nmatrix by the inverse bone bine pose.\n\nNote: If there are problems which might be caused by bind poses being\ndifferent in the ClothingAsset and in the game's animation system, changing\nthis to true (and thus providing global pose matrices) might fix the problem.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Use world space matrices instead of composite (relative to bind pose) in NxClothingActor::updateState().", true);
ParamDefTable[11].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=12, longName="uvChannelForTangentUpdate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[12];
ParamDef->init("uvChannelForTangentUpdate", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Tangent update is done based on one UV channel. This allows selection of what\nUV channel is being used.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "This UV channel is used for updating tangent space", true);
ParamDefTable[12].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=13, longName="maxDistanceBlendTime"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[13];
ParamDef->init("maxDistanceBlendTime", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Note: This also influences how quickly different physical LoDs can be switched", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Time in seconds how long it takes to go from zero maxDistance to full maxDistance", true);
ParamDefTable[13].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=14, longName="clothingMaterialIndex"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[14];
ParamDef->init("clothingMaterialIndex", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Use this material from the assets material library", true);
ParamDefTable[14].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=15, longName="lodWeights"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[15];
ParamDef->init("lodWeights", TYPE_STRUCT, "LODWeights", true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=16, longName="lodWeights.maxDistance"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[16];
ParamDef->init("maxDistance", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=17, longName="lodWeights.distanceWeight"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[17];
ParamDef->init("distanceWeight", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=18, longName="lodWeights.bias"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[18];
ParamDef->init("bias", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=19, longName="lodWeights.benefitsBias"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[19];
ParamDef->init("benefitsBias", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=20, longName="windParams"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[20];
ParamDef->init("windParams", TYPE_STRUCT, "WindParameters", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "The per-actor wind parameters", true);
ParamDefTable[20].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=21, longName="windParams.Velocity"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[21];
ParamDef->init("Velocity", TYPE_VEC3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "The target velocity each vertex tries to achieve.", true);
ParamDefTable[21].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=22, longName="windParams.Adaption"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[22];
ParamDef->init("Adaption", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "This is roughly the inverse of the time in seconds it takes to adapt to the wind velocity.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "The rate of adaption. The higher this value, the faster the cloth reaches the wind velocity. Set to 0 to turn off wind.", true);
ParamDefTable[22].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=23, longName="maxDistanceScale"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[23];
ParamDef->init("maxDistanceScale", TYPE_STRUCT, "MaxDistanceScale", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[23].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=24, longName="maxDistanceScale.Scale"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[24];
ParamDef->init("Scale", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[24].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=25, longName="maxDistanceScale.Multipliable"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[25];
ParamDef->init("Multipliable", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[25].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=26, longName="userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[26];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[26].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer associated with the clothing actor", true);
ParamDefTable[26].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=27, longName="boneMatrices"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[27];
ParamDef->init("boneMatrices", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[27].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "These matrices are sometimes referred to as composite matrices. They are the\nmultiplication of the current world space bone pose with the inverse bind\npose in world space.\nNote: If \'updateStateWithGlobalMatrices\' is set to true, these must be\nglobal poses instead.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "An Array of matrices with the full transform for each bone", true);
ParamDefTable[27].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=28, longName="boneMatrices[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[28];
ParamDef->init("boneMatrices", TYPE_MAT44, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[28].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "These matrices are sometimes referred to as composite matrices. They are the\nmultiplication of the current world space bone pose with the inverse bind\npose in world space.\nNote: If \'updateStateWithGlobalMatrices\' is set to true, these must be\nglobal poses instead.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "An Array of matrices with the full transform for each bone", true);
ParamDefTable[28].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=29, longName="clothDescTemplate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[29];
ParamDef->init("clothDescTemplate", TYPE_STRUCT, "ClothDescTemplate", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Contains the parameters the application can override on the NxClothDesc when created", true);
ParamDefTable[29].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=30, longName="clothDescTemplate.collisionResponseCoefficient"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[30];
ParamDef->init("collisionResponseCoefficient", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "This is only needed if the twoway interaction flag is set in the clothing asset.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Defines a factor for the impulse transfer from cloth to colliding rigid bodies.", true);
ParamDefTable[30].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=31, longName="clothDescTemplate.collisionGroup"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[31];
ParamDef->init("collisionGroup", TYPE_U16, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Sets which collision group this cloth is part of.", true);
ParamDefTable[31].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=32, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[32];
ParamDef->init("groupsMask", TYPE_STRUCT, "GroupsMask", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Sets the 128-bit mask used for collision filtering.", true);
ParamDefTable[32].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=33, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[33];
ParamDef->init("bits0", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=34, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[34];
ParamDef->init("bits1", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=35, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[35];
ParamDef->init("bits2", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=36, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[36];
ParamDef->init("bits3", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=37, longName="clothDescTemplate.validBounds"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[37];
ParamDef->init("validBounds", TYPE_BOUNDS3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Only works if the flag NX_CLF_VALIDBOUNDS is set.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Defines the volume outside of which cloth particle are automatically removed from the simulation. ", true);
ParamDefTable[37].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=38, longName="clothDescTemplate.compartment"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[38];
ParamDef->init("compartment", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[38].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "Must be either a pointer to an NxCompartment of type NX_SCT_CLOTH or\nNX_SCT_SOFTBODY, or NULL. A NULL compartment means creating NX_CLF_HARDWARE\ncloth in the first available cloth compartment (a default cloth compartment\nis created if none exists). Software cloth with a NULL compartment is\ncreated in the scene proper.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "The compartment to place the cloth in.", true);
ParamDefTable[38].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=39, longName="clothDescTemplate.userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[39];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[39].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer.", true);
ParamDefTable[39].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=40, longName="shapeDescTemplate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[40];
ParamDef->init("shapeDescTemplate", TYPE_STRUCT, "ShapeDescTemplate", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Contains the parameters the application can override on any actor shapes created", true);
ParamDefTable[40].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=41, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[41];
ParamDef->init("flags", TYPE_STRUCT, "ShapeDescFlags", true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=42, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_VISUALIZATION"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[42];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_VISUALIZATION", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Enable debug renderer for this shape", true);
ParamDefTable[42].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=43, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[43];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Disable collision detection for this shape (counterpart of NX_AF_DISABLE_COLLISION)", true);
ParamDefTable[43].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=44, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[44];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Disable raycasting for this shape", true);
ParamDefTable[44].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=45, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[45];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Enable dynamic-dynamic CCD for this shape. Used only when CCD is globally enabled and shape have a CCD skeleton.", true);
ParamDefTable[45].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=46, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[46];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Setting this to true will make the non-compartment CPU cloth not work.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Disable participation in ray casts, overlap tests and sweeps.", true);
ParamDefTable[46].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=47, longName="shapeDescTemplate.collisionGroup"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[47];
ParamDef->init("collisionGroup", TYPE_U16, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Default group is 0. Maximum possible group is 31. Collision groups are sets\nof shapes which may or may not be set to collision detect with each other;\nthis can be set using NxScene::setGroupCollisionFlag()\nSleeping: Does NOT wake the associated actor up automatically.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Sets which collision group this shape is part of.", true);
ParamDefTable[47].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=48, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[48];
ParamDef->init("groupsMask", TYPE_STRUCT, "GroupsMask", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Sets the 128-bit mask used for collision filtering.", true);
ParamDefTable[48].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=49, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[49];
ParamDef->init("bits0", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=50, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[50];
ParamDef->init("bits1", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=51, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[51];
ParamDef->init("bits2", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=52, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[52];
ParamDef->init("bits3", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=53, longName="shapeDescTemplate.materialIndex"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[53];
ParamDef->init("materialIndex", TYPE_U16, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "The material index of the shape.", true);
ParamDefTable[53].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=54, longName="shapeDescTemplate.userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[54];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[54].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer", true);
ParamDefTable[54].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=55, longName="shapeDescTemplate.name"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[55];
ParamDef->init("name", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[55].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Name of the shapes; must be set by the application and must be a persistent pointer.", true);
ParamDefTable[55].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=56, longName="actorDescTemplate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[56];
ParamDef->init("actorDescTemplate", TYPE_STRUCT, "ActorDescTemplate", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Contains the parameters the application can override on any actors created", true);
ParamDefTable[56].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=57, longName="actorDescTemplate.userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[57];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[57].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer", true);
ParamDefTable[57].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=58, longName="actorDescTemplate.name"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[58];
ParamDef->init("name", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[58].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional name string for the shape; must be set by the application and must be a persistent pointer.", true);
ParamDefTable[58].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=59, longName="actorScale"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[59];
ParamDef->init("actorScale", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Scale the actor differently than the asset.", true);
ParamDefTable[59].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=60, longName="runtimeCooked"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[60];
ParamDef->init("runtimeCooked", TYPE_REF, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("INCLUDED", uint64_t(1), true);
ParamDefTable[60].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("INCLUDED", uint64_t(1), true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Data cooked at runtime", true);
ParamDefTable[60].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
static const char* const RefVariantVals[] = { "ClothingCookedParam" };
ParamDefTable[60].setRefVariantVals((const char**)RefVariantVals, 1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=61, longName="morphDisplacements"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[61];
ParamDef->init("morphDisplacements", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Displacements according to the current morph target.", true);
ParamDefTable[61].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=62, longName="morphDisplacements[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[62];
ParamDef->init("morphDisplacements", TYPE_VEC3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Displacements according to the current morph target.", true);
ParamDefTable[62].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=63, longName="morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[63];
ParamDef->init("morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "New positions for the physical meshes and convex collision volumes.", true);
ParamDefTable[63].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=64, longName="morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[64];
ParamDef->init("morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions", TYPE_VEC3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "New positions for the physical meshes and convex collision volumes.", true);
ParamDefTable[64].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=65, longName="allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[65];
ParamDef->init("allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Slightly modifies gravity to avoid high frequency jittering due to variable time steps.", true);
ParamDefTable[65].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=66, longName="useVelocityClamping"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[66];
ParamDef->init("useVelocityClamping", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=67, longName="vertexVelocityClamp"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[67];
ParamDef->init("vertexVelocityClamp", TYPE_BOUNDS3, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=68, longName="pressure"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[68];
ParamDef->init("pressure", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Set pressure of cloth, only works on closed meshes.", true);
ParamDefTable[68].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=69, longName="multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[69];
ParamDef->init("multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=70, longName="overrideMaterialNames"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[70];
ParamDef->init("overrideMaterialNames", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Replacement material names for the ones provided by the render mesh asset inside the clothing asset.", true);
ParamDefTable[70].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
static const uint8_t dynHandleIndices[1] = { 0, };
ParamDef->setDynamicHandleIndicesMap(dynHandleIndices, 1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=71, longName="overrideMaterialNames[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[71];
ParamDef->init("overrideMaterialNames", TYPE_STRING, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Replacement material names for the ones provided by the render mesh asset inside the clothing asset.", true);
ParamDefTable[71].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=0, longName=""
{
static Definition* Children[28];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(1);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(2);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(3);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(8);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(9);
Children[5] = PDEF_PTR(10);
Children[6] = PDEF_PTR(11);
Children[7] = PDEF_PTR(12);
Children[8] = PDEF_PTR(13);
Children[9] = PDEF_PTR(14);
Children[10] = PDEF_PTR(15);
Children[11] = PDEF_PTR(20);
Children[12] = PDEF_PTR(23);
Children[13] = PDEF_PTR(26);
Children[14] = PDEF_PTR(27);
Children[15] = PDEF_PTR(29);
Children[16] = PDEF_PTR(40);
Children[17] = PDEF_PTR(56);
Children[18] = PDEF_PTR(59);
Children[19] = PDEF_PTR(60);
Children[20] = PDEF_PTR(61);
Children[21] = PDEF_PTR(63);
Children[22] = PDEF_PTR(65);
Children[23] = PDEF_PTR(66);
Children[24] = PDEF_PTR(67);
Children[25] = PDEF_PTR(68);
Children[26] = PDEF_PTR(69);
Children[27] = PDEF_PTR(70);
ParamDefTable[0].setChildren(Children, 28);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=3, longName="flags"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(4);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(5);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(6);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(7);
ParamDefTable[3].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=15, longName="lodWeights"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(16);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(17);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(18);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(19);
ParamDefTable[15].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=20, longName="windParams"
{
static Definition* Children[2];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(21);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(22);
ParamDefTable[20].setChildren(Children, 2);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=23, longName="maxDistanceScale"
{
static Definition* Children[2];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(24);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(25);
ParamDefTable[23].setChildren(Children, 2);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=27, longName="boneMatrices"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(28);
ParamDefTable[27].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=29, longName="clothDescTemplate"
{
static Definition* Children[6];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(30);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(31);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(32);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(37);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(38);
Children[5] = PDEF_PTR(39);
ParamDefTable[29].setChildren(Children, 6);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=32, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(33);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(34);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(35);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(36);
ParamDefTable[32].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=40, longName="shapeDescTemplate"
{
static Definition* Children[6];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(41);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(47);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(48);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(53);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(54);
Children[5] = PDEF_PTR(55);
ParamDefTable[40].setChildren(Children, 6);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=41, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags"
{
static Definition* Children[5];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(42);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(43);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(44);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(45);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(46);
ParamDefTable[41].setChildren(Children, 5);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=48, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(49);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(50);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(51);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(52);
ParamDefTable[48].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=56, longName="actorDescTemplate"
{
static Definition* Children[2];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(57);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(58);
ParamDefTable[56].setChildren(Children, 2);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=61, longName="morphDisplacements"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(62);
ParamDefTable[61].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=63, longName="morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(64);
ParamDefTable[63].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=70, longName="overrideMaterialNames"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(71);
ParamDefTable[70].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
mBuiltFlag = true;
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initStrings(void)
{
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initDynamicArrays(void)
{
boneMatrices.buf = NULL;
boneMatrices.isAllocated = true;
boneMatrices.elementSize = sizeof(physx::PxMat44);
boneMatrices.arraySizes[0] = 0;
morphDisplacements.buf = NULL;
morphDisplacements.isAllocated = true;
morphDisplacements.elementSize = sizeof(physx::PxVec3);
morphDisplacements.arraySizes[0] = 0;
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.buf = NULL;
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.isAllocated = true;
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.elementSize = sizeof(physx::PxVec3);
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.arraySizes[0] = 0;
overrideMaterialNames.buf = NULL;
overrideMaterialNames.isAllocated = true;
overrideMaterialNames.elementSize = sizeof(NvParameterized::DummyStringStruct);
overrideMaterialNames.arraySizes[0] = 0;
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initDefaults(void)
{
freeStrings();
freeReferences();
freeDynamicArrays();
globalPose = physx::PxMat44(physx::PxVec4(1.0f));
useHardwareCloth = bool(true);
flags.ParallelCpuSkinning = bool(true);
flags.RecomputeNormals = bool(false);
flags.Visualize = bool(true);
flags.CorrectSimulationNormals = bool(true);
fallbackSkinning = bool(false);
slowStart = bool(true);
useInternalBoneOrder = bool(false);
updateStateWithGlobalMatrices = bool(false);
uvChannelForTangentUpdate = uint32_t(0);
maxDistanceBlendTime = float(1.0);
clothingMaterialIndex = uint32_t(0);
lodWeights.maxDistance = float(2000);
lodWeights.distanceWeight = float(1);
lodWeights.bias = float(0);
lodWeights.benefitsBias = float(0);
windParams.Velocity = physx::PxVec3(0.0f);
windParams.Adaption = float(0.0f);
maxDistanceScale.Scale = float(1.0f);
maxDistanceScale.Multipliable = bool(false);
userData = uint64_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.collisionResponseCoefficient = float(0.2);
clothDescTemplate.collisionGroup = uint16_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.validBounds = physx::PxBounds3(physx::PxVec3(PX_MAX_F32), physx::PxVec3(-PX_MAX_F32));
clothDescTemplate.compartment = uint64_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_VISUALIZATION = bool(true);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION = bool(false);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING = bool(true);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD = bool(false);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES = bool(false);
shapeDescTemplate.collisionGroup = uint16_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.materialIndex = uint16_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.userData = uint64_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.name = uint64_t(0);
actorDescTemplate.userData = uint64_t(0);
actorDescTemplate.name = uint64_t(0);
actorScale = float(1.0);
allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency = bool(true);
useVelocityClamping = bool(false);
vertexVelocityClamp = physx::PxBounds3(physx::PxVec3(-PX_MAX_F32), physx::PxVec3(PX_MAX_F32));
pressure = float(-1.0);
multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones = bool(true);
initDynamicArrays();
initStrings();
initReferences();
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initReferences(void)
{
runtimeCooked = NULL;
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeDynamicArrays(void)
{
if (boneMatrices.isAllocated && boneMatrices.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(boneMatrices.buf);
}
if (morphDisplacements.isAllocated && morphDisplacements.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(morphDisplacements.buf);
}
if (morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.isAllocated && morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.buf);
}
if (overrideMaterialNames.isAllocated && overrideMaterialNames.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(overrideMaterialNames.buf);
}
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeStrings(void)
{
for (int i = 0; i < overrideMaterialNames.arraySizes[0]; ++i)
{
if (overrideMaterialNames.buf[i].isAllocated && overrideMaterialNames.buf[i].buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->strfree((char*)overrideMaterialNames.buf[i].buf);
}
}
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeReferences(void)
{
if (runtimeCooked)
{
runtimeCooked->destroy();
}
}
} // namespace parameterized
} // namespace nvidia
```
|
Półwiesk Mały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąpielsk, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Wąpielsk, north-west of Rypin, and east of Toruń.
History
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), local school teachers were among the victims of large massacres of Poles from the region carried out by the Germans in Skrwilno as part of the Intelligenzaktion.
References
Villages in Rypin County
|
Henriette Therese Ishimwe (born 14 October 2003) is a Rwandan cricketing all-rounder who plays for the women's national cricket team as a right-arm medium pace bowler and right handed batter.
Domestic career
At the domestic level, Ishimwe plays for the Indatwa Hampshire Cricket Club.
International career
2019
On 26 June 2019, Ishimwe made her Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) debuts for Rwanda against Nigeria at the National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria, in the first match of a bilateral tour of Nigeria. The match was also both teams' first ever WT20I. Ishemwe played in all five matches of the series, including the fourth match, in which Rwanda racked up its first WT20I victory, by five wickets.
Rwanda's and Ishimwe's next WT20Is were during the ICC Women's Qualifier Africa in Harare, Zimbabwe, in May 2019. In Rwanda's first match of that tournament, against Nigeria, Ishimwe top scored with 27 in 21 balls; she was awarded player of the match, which her team won by 37 runs. Three days later, against Mozambique, she again top scored for her team, with 48 in 40 balls; Rwanda won that match by just one wicket with only three balls remaining, and Ishimwe was player of the match for the second time in a row. In Rwanda's fourth match, against Tanzania, she top scored for her team yet again, with 21 runs in 17 balls, and took 2/20, but Tanzania won the match by 38 runs.
In June 2019, Ishimwe took the field for Rwanda in the annual Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament, in Kigali, Rwanda. Her best performance in that tournament was during Rwanda's match against Tanzania, in which she took 2/25 and was involved in running out two Tanzanian batters, but again Tanzania won the match, this time by 14 runs. In September 2019, Ishimwe played in a bilateral tour of Rwanda by Nigeria. Her best performance in that series was 44 from 45 balls in the fourth match, but although that was the top score for the match, Nigeria emerged as the winner, by just one run.
2021–present
Following a lengthy hiatus during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rwanda and Ishimwe resumed their participation in international cricket in June 2021, when Rwanda again hosted the Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament. On 9 June 2021, in the team's match against Nigeria, Ishimwe starred with 24 in 23 balls and 2/5, and again was presented with the player of the match award. Rwanda won the match by 6 runs. The following day, against Kenya, Ishimwe achieved her best bowling figures of the tournament, with 3/22, but Kenya won the match, by 25 runs. Rwanda finished the tournament in third place, and Ishimwe was named in the team of the tournament.
The second and final tournament contested by Rwanda in 2021 was the ICC Women's T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier, held in Gaborone, Botswana. Ishimwe's best bowling performance in that tournament was on 12 September 2021, in a match against Eswatini in which her figures were 3/2. Rwanda won that match by 185 runs. Two days later, against Botswana, Ishimwe took 2/11, top scored for her team with 19 runs, and was awarded player of the match, which Rwanda won by three wickets. Rwanda finished the tournament in third place in Group A.
In March/April 2022, Rwanda and Ishimwe contested their first tournament for that year, the 2022 Nigeria Invitational Women's T20I Tournament, held in Lagos. Ishimwe's best performance in the tournament was in Rwanda's match against Gambia, in which she top scored with 23*. Rwanda won that match by 10 wickets, and finished second in the tournament.
Meanwhile, in February 2022, Ishimwe was recruited to play in the privately run 2022 FairBreak Invitational T20 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. She was allocated to the Barmy Army team. In Barmy Army's first match, against Spirit on 5 May 2022, she caused a sensation, by bowling Spirit captain and recent World Cup winner Nicola Carey with her first ball of the tournament, and, later, by participating in a "wily run-out" of Thai player Nattaya Boochatham. The following day, against Falcons, she deflected a caught and bowled chance from another World Cup winner, Danni Wyatt, into another run-out, of the non-striker, Sri Lanka captain Chamari Athapaththu, who had scored an unbeaten century in Falcons' first match.
See also
List of Rwanda women Twenty20 International cricketers
References
External links
Living people
2003 births
Rwanda women Twenty20 International cricketers
Rwandan women cricketers
|
University of Agricultural Engineering, Valladolid, is a university run by the Society of Jesus which began in 1964 as the Nevares Institute of Agricultural Employers (INEA). It is currently affiliated with the University of Valladolid.
History
The Nevares Institute of Agricultural Employers (INEA) was founded in 1964 in Valladolid by Jose Fernandez Quintanilla, as a response to the absence of people with entrepreneurial training in the farming community. The institute was named after the Sisinio Nevares who founded Catholic Trade Unions in the 1930s.
In 1965 the Institute received Ministerial recognition and was attached to the School of Agronomists of Madrid, for its three-year undergraduate course. The course was called Intermediate Level in Agricultural Engineering in Management of Agricultural Companies until 1981 when the INEA became affiliated with the University of Valladolid. In these first 16 years it had educated 1,960 students. From the start in 1965 INEA offered distance learning classes, accommodating 2,675 students by 1992. From 1977 until 1990 the school also graduated 240 students in vocational training ("First Grade Agrario") in agriculture.
See also
List of Jesuit sites
References
Universities and colleges in Spain
Jesuit universities and colleges in Spain
1964 establishments in Spain
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Georges Douking (born Georges Ladoubée; 6 August 1902 – 20 October 1987) was a French stage, film, and television actor. He also directed stage plays such as the premier presentation of Jean Giraudoux's Sodom and Gomorrah at the Théâtre Hébertot in 1943. He is perhaps best known for his role in the surreal 1972 comedy The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie. He was one of the favorite actors of the French filmmaker Pierre Chenal.
Douking appeared in more than 75 films between 1934 and 1981.
Partial filmography
1934: Street Without a Name
1935: Crime and Punishment (directed by Pierre Chenal) - Nicolas
1935: The Green Domino
1936: Razumov: Sous les yeux d'occident - (uncredited)
1937: The Man from Nowhere - Le domestique simplet de la pension
1938: La Femme du bout du monde - Planque
1938: The Lafarge Case - Parent
1938: Les gaietés de l'exposition - Le deuxième détective
1938: The Train for Venice - Le barman
1938: Education of a Prince - Pausanias
1938: Katia - L'espion
1938: J'accuse! (directed by Abel Gance)
1939: Deputy Eusèbe - Firmin
1939: The Mayor's Dilemma - Brazoux
1939: Louise - Un peintre (uncredited)
1939: Le Dernier Tournant - Un joueur
1939: Yamilé sous les cèdres - Ahmed
1939: Deuxième bureau contre kommandantur
1939: Le Jour Se Lève (directed by Marcel Carné) - L'aveugle (uncredited)
1939: La Charrette fantôme - Un ivrogne (uncredited)
1943: La Main du diable - Le tire-laine (uncredited)
1943: Tornavara - Gregor
1943: Finance noire
1943: Un seul amour - Le père Biondi
1943: Adrien - Le peintre
1948: Clochemerle - Le préparateur
1949: Maya - Un soutier
1950: Lady Paname - Le parlementaire - un ami de Fred
1951: Savage Triangle - Le paysan
1952: Judgement of God (directed by Raymond Bernard) - Le moine Enrique - commissaire de l'inquisition
1956: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (directed by Jean Delannoy) - A Thief
1957: Œil pour œil - Le guérisseur
1958: Rafles sur la ville - Le fou
1958: La Bonne Tisane - Bob
1959: Ce corps tant désiré - Le commissaire
1959: La bête à l'affût - Le gardien du phare
1959: Le Bossu (directed by André Hunebelle) - Le marquis de Caylus
1960: Jack of Spades - Le vieux Manuel
1961: Five Day Lover
1964: Joy House (directed by René Clément) - Clochard
1964: Tintin and the Blue Oranges - Le photographe à Moulinsart (uncredited)
1965: What's New, Pussycat? (directed by Clive Donner) - Concierge at Renee's Apartment (uncredited)
1966: The Poppy Is Also a Flower - Financier of Marko (uncredited)
1966: Mademoiselle (directed by Tony Richardson) - The Priest
1966: Triple Cross - Polish Interrogator
1968: The Charge of the Light Brigade (directed by Tony Richardson) - Marshall St. Arnaud
1968: Spirits of the Dead (directed by Federico Fellini, Louis Malle, and Roger Vadim) - Le licier (segment "Metzengerstein")
1969: The Milky Way (directed by Luis Buñuel) - Le berger avec la chèvre
1969: Dandy (directed by Sergio Gobbi) - Un gêolier
1969: The Christmas Tree - L'animalier
1969: The Potatoes (directed by Claude Autant-Lara) - Voisin de P'tit Louis
1970: Sortie de secours
1971: The Great Mafia... (directed by Philippe Clair)
1972: Le droit d'aimer - Prisoner
1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (directed by Luis Buñuel) - Gardener
1974: (directed by André Hunebelle)
1974: The Bidasses to Go to War (directed by Claude Zidi) - Le papé
1976: Les conquistadores - Le vieux
References
External links
Georges Douking at Allmovie
1902 births
1987 deaths
French male film actors
French male stage actors
French male television actors
20th-century French male actors
|
```xml
import * as React from 'react';
import type { Meta } from '@storybook/react';
import { Steps } from 'storywright';
import { Menu, MenuTrigger, MenuPopover, MenuList, MenuItem } from '@fluentui/react-menu';
import { getStoryVariant, RTL, withStoryWrightSteps } from '../../utilities';
export default {
title: 'Menu Converged - nested submenus',
decorators: [
// path_to_url
story => withStoryWrightSteps({ story, steps: new Steps().click('#nestedTrigger').snapshot('all open').end() }),
],
} satisfies Meta<typeof Menu>;
export const Default = () => (
<Menu open>
<MenuTrigger>
<button>Toggle menu</button>
</MenuTrigger>
<MenuPopover>
<MenuList>
<MenuItem>New </MenuItem>
<MenuItem>New Window</MenuItem>
<MenuItem>Open Folder</MenuItem>
<Menu>
<MenuTrigger>
<MenuItem id="nestedTrigger">Preferences</MenuItem>
</MenuTrigger>
<MenuPopover>
<MenuList>
<MenuItem>New </MenuItem>
<MenuItem>New Window</MenuItem>
<MenuItem>Open Folder</MenuItem>
</MenuList>
</MenuPopover>
</Menu>
</MenuList>
</MenuPopover>
</Menu>
);
Default.storyName = 'default';
export const DefaultRTL = getStoryVariant(Default, RTL);
```
|
Tibor Kangyal (born 28 May 1942) is a former Hungarian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
1942 births
Living people
Hungarian men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for Hungary
Basketball players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Budapest
|
Inquisitor solomonensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 27 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Guinea, the Philippines and the Fiji Islands
References
External links
Gastropods.com: Inquisitor solomonensis
solomonensis
Gastropods described in 1876
|
William Robinson Bishop (December 27, 1864 or 1869 – December 15, 1932) was a professional baseball player. He was a pitcher over parts of three seasons (1886–1887, 1889) with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and Chicago White Stockings. For his career, he compiled an 0–4 record in seven appearances, with a 9.96 earned run average and nine strikeouts.
There is disagreement about the year of Bishop's birth. Retrosheet and Baseball-Reference list his year of birth as 1864, whereas Fangraphs lists his birth year as 1869. If Fangraphs is correct, Bishop was one of the youngest players in Major League Baseball history, making his debut at roughly 16 years, nine months old.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
External links
1860s births
1932 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Alleghenys players
Chicago White Stockings players
Milwaukee Cream Citys players
Lowell Magicians players
London Tecumsehs (baseball) players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Utica Braves players
Mansfield (minor league baseball) players
Olean (minor league baseball) players
19th-century baseball players
Burials at Homewood Cemetery
|
Pouteria briocheoides is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Guatemala.
References
Endemic flora of Guatemala
briocheoides
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
|
The Men's 100 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships was held on 3 August with the heats and the semifinals and 4 August with the final.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
Results
Heats
The heats were held on 3 August at 09:49.
Semifinals
The semifinals were held on 3 August at 17:48.
Semifinal 1
Semifinal 2
Final
The final was held on 4 August at 18:36.
References
Men's 100 metre backstroke
|
Dalaca vibicata is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from Ecuador.
References
External links
Hepialidae genera
Moths described in 1914
Hepialidae
Lepidoptera of Ecuador
|
The Angler's Club of New York is a members club at 101 Broad Street in lower Manhattan for people interested in angling. It is adjacent to the Fraunces Tavern.
The club was founded in 1916 and in 1940 was established on the second floor of the adjoining tavern. The club had no external signage denoting its presence when a reporter for the New York Times visited the club in 1975. The food at the club was initially supplied by the Fraunces Tavern, and sent to the club by dumbwaiter. An argument between the two managers of the establishments saw an end to the culinary practice.
An honor medal presented by the Angler's Club was donated by Carl Otto Kretzschmar Von Kienbusch to the collection of the New-York Historical Society.
Membership
The total number of members was estimated at 250 in 1975, with 150 members outside New York. The cost of annual membership was $125 in 1975 (). Prominent members have included the United States Presidents Herbert Hoover and Dwight Eisenhower. Hoover's collection of dry flies were "gathering dust but still venerated" in 1975. The financier and conservationist Laurance Rockefeller was a notable member in the 1970s. A member described the club as "a dusty, friendly luncheon club, where the only excitement had been the arguments between the men who fish for trout and the men who go after salmon" to the New York Times reporter John Corry in 1975. The club did not admit women members at the time of the New York Times visit.
References
1916 establishments in New York (state)
Broad Street (Manhattan)
Clubs and societies in the United States
Clubs and societies in New York City
Clubhouses in Manhattan
Fishing in the United States
Fly fishing
Gentlemen's clubs in the United States
|
Rachel India True (born November 15, 1966) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in such films as The Craft (1996), Nowhere (1997), and Half Baked (1998). True is also known for her role as Mona Thorne on the UPN sitcom Half & Half, which ran from 2002 to 2006.
Early life
True was born in New York City, the middle of three children. Her father is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, whereas her mother is of African American heritage. Her younger sister, Noel, is also an actress. True attended New York University.
Career
True made her television debut in 1991 on the Cosby Show episode "Theo's Final". In 1993, she moved to Los Angeles and made her feature film debut playing Chris Rock's character's girlfriend in the comedy CB4. On television, she appeared in episodes of Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Beverly Hills, 90210, Getting By, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Family Matters, Dream On and well as made-for-television movies Moment of Truth: Stalking Back (1993) and A Walton Wedding (1995). In 1995, she had supporting role in the erotic horror film Embrace of the Vampire starring Alyssa Milano.
In 1996, True landed her breakthrough role as Rochelle Zimmerman in the supernatural horror film, The Craft, where she played a member of a teenage coven. True stated that she had to "fight" to audition for the part and was actively going up against her future co-stars Fairuza Balk, Neve Campbell and Robin Tunney. Her role was originally written for a white actress, but that didn't deter her from auditioning. In 1997, she starred in the comedy-drama film, Nowhere alongside James Duval, the film received mixed reviews from critics. The following year, True starred as Dave Chappelle's romantic interest in the comedy film, Half Baked. Also from 1997 to 1998, she also had the recurring role of Janet Clemens on The Drew Carey Show. From 1999 to 2000, she appeared in the ABC drama series, Once and Again.
True appeared in a number of independent movies, include With or Without You (1999), The Big Split (1999), and Groove (2000). She starred alongside Monica and Essence Atkins in the 2000 romantic drama film Love Song. From 2002 to 2006, True starred with Essence Atkins in the UPN comedy series, Half & Half, as paternal half-sisters who barely knew each other until becoming adults. She returned to film, playing the supporting role in the 2007 comedy The Perfect Holiday. The following years, she appeared in a number of smaller and made-for-television films, include The Asylum productions Social Nightmare (2013), Blood Lake: Attack of the Killer Lampreys (2014), Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014), and Sharknado: Heart of Sharkness (2015). In 2017, True worked as a tarot-card reader in Echo Park.
True released her book, True Heart Intuitive Tarot, Guidebook And Deck in 2020. She appeared in horror films Agnes and Horror Noire in 2021. The following year, she joined the cast of the second season of Amazon Prime Video comedy series, Harlem. Also that year, True was cast in Half Baked 2, the sequel to the 1998 cult comedy, reprising her role as Mary Jane Potman.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American television actresses
African-American actresses
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
African-American Jews
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
American Ashkenazi Jews
1966 births
|
The Pearl was an Australian bred Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1871 Melbourne Cup by two lengths.
The Pearl is the equal biggest price winner of the Cup at odds of 100/1. Other winners at these odds were Wotan (1936), Old Rowley (1940) and Prince of Penzance (2015).
References
Melbourne Cup winners
1866 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Australia
Racehorses trained in Australia
|
Klaus Kærgaard (born 21 October 1976) is a retired Danish professional football, who most notably won the 2000 Danish Cup with Viborg FF. He was a forward for Danish clubs Viborg FF and FC Midtjylland. From 1998 to 2007, Kærgård played a combined total 171 games and scored 38 goals in the Danish Superliga championship for the two teams. He ended his career prematurely in 2007, due to injuries.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Viborg FF
Danish Cup: 1999–2000
Danish Super Cup: 2000
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Viborg FF players
FC Midtjylland players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Holstebro
Footballers from the Central Denmark Region
|
Pseudomonas meliae is a fluorescent, Gram-negative, soil bacterium that causes bacterial gall of the chinaberry (Melia azedarach), from which it derives its name. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. meliae has been placed in the Pseudomonas syringae group. Genotypic characteristics of the causal
agent of chinaberry gall were determined by Aeini and Taghavi.
References
External links
Type strain of Pseudomonas meliae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Pseudomonadales
Bacterial tree pathogens and diseases
Bacteria described in 1981
|
```yaml
apiVersion: release-notes/v2
kind: bug-fix
area: security
issue:
- path_to_url
releaseNotes:
- |
**Fixed** an issue where RBAC updates were not sent to older proxies after upgrading istiod to 1.17.
```
|
Jake Pemberton (born January 12, 1996) is an American-Israeli professional basketball player for Maccabi Ra'anana of the Israeli National League. He played college basketball for the University of Denver. Standing at , Pemberton plays at the shooting guard position.
Early life and college career
Pemberton's hometown is Highlands Ranch, Colorado, and he attended Mountain Vista High School in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where he was named first team All-State as a senior. He led Mountain Vista H.S. to the Final Four in the Colorado State Tournament in 2014. Pemberton was named First Team All-Conference in 2014.
Pemberton played four years for the University of Denver's Pioneers under head coaches Joe Scott and Rodney Billups. On January 25, 2017, Pemberton recorded a college career-high 25 points, shooting 5-of-7 from three-point range, along with five rebounds and four assists in a 91–82 win over South Dakota State.
In his senior year at Denver, Pemberton averaged 11.1 points, 3.3 rebounds, 2.8 assists, shooting 45.2 percent from three-point range - good for second in the entire Summit League. He was named Summit Academic All-League selection.
Professional career
On July 16, 2018, Pemberton started his professional career with Maccabi Ashdod of the Israeli Premier League, signing a one-year deal. On February 17, 2019, Pemberton recorded a career-high 24 points, shooting 6-of-8 from three-point range, along with four rebounds, two assists and three steals in a 93–74 win over Ironi Nahariya. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 18 MVP.
On August 3, 2019, Pemberton signed a one-year deal with Hapoel Haifa of the Israeli National League. He appeared in nine games for Haifa, averaging 3 points in 12.2 minutes per game. On January 29, 2020, Pemberton parted ways with Haifa to join Maccabi Ra'anana for the rest of the season.
References
External links
Denver bio
RealGM profile
1996 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Colorado
Denver Pioneers men's basketball players
Hapoel Haifa B.C. players
Israeli American
Maccabi Ashdod B.C. players
Maccabi Ra'anana players
People from Highlands Ranch, Colorado
Sportspeople from Douglas County, Colorado
Shooting guards
|
Prem Prasad Tulachan is a Nepalese politicianaffiliated with the Nepal Communist Party currently serving as the member of the 1st Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2017 Nepalese general election he was elected from the Mustang 1 constituency, securing 3544 (52.70%) votes.
References
Nepal MPs 2017–2022
Living people
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians
Nepali Congress politicians from Gandaki Province
1961 births
|
The Ayuwang or Ashoka Pagoda is a stupa in Dai County in northeast Xinzhou Prefecture in northern Shanxi, China.
Name
The Ayuwang Pagoda's name honors Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor who converted to Buddhism around 263BC and subsequently greatly patronized the religion.
History
The Ayuwang Pagoda was first built under the Sui dynasty in AD601. Over the next 600 years, it was destroyed and rebuilt three times. Its present form dates to the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, who favored Tibetan Buddhism and rebuilt the tower in a Tibetan style. This dagoba was heavily damaged by an earthquake during the Qing dynasty and subsequently repaired.
References
Citations
Bibliography
.
Buddhist temples in Shanxi
Pagodas in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanxi
Yuan dynasty architecture
|
Tamba Boimah Hali (born 3 November 1983) is a Liberian former American football defensive end and linebacker. He played college football at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), where he earned unanimous All-American honors, and was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft.
He played his entire twelve-year career for the Chiefs, where he was selected to six consecutive Pro Bowls from 2010 to 2015 and was a Second-team All-Pro selection in 2011 and in 2013.
Early life
Hali was born in Gbarnga, Liberia. He was sent to the United States at the age of 10 to escape civil war-torn Liberia. He worked to become an NFL-caliber player because he thought it would help him raise the money to reunite with his mother, Rachel Keita, and bring her to the United States after not having seen her for more than twelve years.
Hali attended Teaneck High School in Teaneck, New Jersey, where he played for the high school football team. He was named a high school All-American. He also lettered in basketball.
Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Hali was listed as the No. 5 strongside defensive end in the nation in 2002.
College career
Hali received an athletic scholarship to attend Pennsylvania State University, where he played for coach Joe Paterno's Penn State Nittany Lions football team from 2002 to 2005. Following his senior season in 2005, was recognized as a unanimous All-American, the Big Ten Defensive Lineman of the Year, and a first-team All-Big Ten selection. He was instrumental in helping the Nittany Lions finish 11–1, winning the Big Ten championship and the Orange Bowl that season.
He led the Big Ten with 11 sacks (tied for eighth nationally) and 17 tackles for loss and earned numerous accolades for his play. He was a finalist for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, presented to the nation's top defensive player, and the Ted Hendricks Defensive End Award.
Hali's season sack total is tied for sixth-best at Penn State and his 36 career tackles for loss are tied with Matt Millen for tenth best. Hali received the Robert B. Mitinger Award, which is given to the Nittany Lion football player who best personifies courage, character, and social responsibility.
Hali was named defensive most valuable player (MVP) of the 2006 Senior Bowl. He was later inducted into the Senior Bowl Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Hali entered the 2006 NFL Draft ranked as the third-best defensive end behind Mario Williams and Kamerion Wimbley. Tamba spent some time as a defensive tackle in college.
There was not much pre-draft hype for Hali heading into the 2006 NFL Draft until The Sporting News made his amazing story of escape from war-torn Liberia at age 10 their 21 April 2006 cover story. NFL scouts began to take notice, reporting that Hali presented himself in an excellent manner not only in his workout but also in his interview at the NFL Combine. Hali was chosen 20th overall by the Kansas City Chiefs in a surprise move.
2006 season
On 31 July 2006, Hali was excused from the Chiefs two-a-day practices at training camp in River Falls, Wisconsin and flew back to his home in Teaneck, New Jersey to be sworn in as a permanent citizen of the United States. On 28 September 2006, Hali's mother Rachel arrived in Kansas City, Missouri and currently lives with Tamba on a one-year visa. On 1 October, she saw her son play for the first time as the Chiefs shut out the San Francisco 49ers, 41–0.
Hali won the Mack Lee Hill award as the top Chiefs rookie for 2006. At the end of the 2006 NFL season, Hali led the Chiefs with eight sacks. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.
2007–2010
In 2007, Hali had 7.5 sacks to go along with 59 total tackles, two passes defensed, and two forced fumbles. Hali moved to right defensive end for the 2008 season, replacing Jared Allen. In the 2008 season, he had three sacks, 55 total tackles, two passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. In 2009, Hali was again moved—this time to outside linebacker—to accommodate new head coach Todd Haley's 3–4 defense. Hali's transformation from an undersized 4–3 DE to a 3–4 OLB was an amazing one considering his time in college as a defensive tackle. He finished the 2009 season with 8.5 sacks, 63 total tackles, one pass defensed, four forced fumbles, and scored a safety.
In 2010, the Chiefs hired a new defensive coordinator, Romeo Crennel. He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 3. Hali finished the season with an AFC-leading 14.5 sacks, leading to his first invitation to the Pro Bowl, which he declined citing personal reasons. Chiefs' general manager Scott Pioli made the signing of Hali to a long-term deal his top priority that off-season. Despite a lockout being in place, the two sides signed a five-year, $60 million (~$ in ) contract ($35 million guaranteed) on 4 August 2011. He was ranked 64th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.
2011–2016
Hali repaid this loyalty with an All-Pro season, racking up a career-high 83 tackles and leading the team in sacks (12) for the fifth time in his six seasons as a Chief. He was named an All-Pro and selected to play in the 2012 Pro Bowl. Hali started all 16 games in 2011 and finished second in sacks in the AFC. He tied for third in the conference with four forced fumbles, a team-best 12 tackles for loss, and 31 quarterback pressures. Hali moved into fourth place on the Chiefs' career sacks list that season. He was ranked #34 his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.
On 20 August 2012, the NFL suspended Hali for one game for a violation of the league's substance abuse policy. On 26 December 2012, Hali was announced the starting outside linebacker for the AFC in the 2013 Pro Bowl. He finished the 2012 season with nine sacks, 51 total tackles, two passes defensed, and one forced fumble.
In the 2013 season, Hali started in 15 games. In 15 appearances, he had 46 tackles, of which 39 were solo. He had 11 sacks, five forced fumbles, and one interception. In the 2013 season, Hali earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Weeks 6 and 14. He earned his third consecutive Pro Bowl nod and was ranked 43rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014. In the 2014 season, Hali started in all 16 games. He had 59 tackles, of which 47 were solo, six sacks, and three forced fumbles He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week in Week 15. He earned his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl nomination and was ranked 70th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.
On 8 March 2015, Hali restructured his contract to free up $3 million (~$ in ) in cap space to stay with the Chiefs. Throughout the off-season, it was believed Hali would be released. In the 2015 season, he had 6.5 sacks, 48 total tackles, one pass defensed, and two forced fumbles. Hali made the Pro Bowl for the fifth consecutive year and was ranked 84th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. On 8 March 2016, Hali signed a three-year contract to stay with the Chiefs. In the 2016 season, he had 3.5 sacks, 34 total tackles, and one fumble recovery.
2017 season
In 2017, Hali started the 2017 season on the physically unable to perform list due to an undisclosed injury that kept him out all of training camp and the preseason. He began practicing again on 2 November. The Chiefs had 21 days from the day he starts practicing to either activate him or place him on injured reserve. He was moved to the active roster on 4 November 2017, prior to the team's Week 9 game against the Dallas Cowboys. He appeared in five games and had one tackle and one quarterback hit.
On 12 March 2018, Hali was released by the Chiefs after 12 seasons. He finished his tenure with the Chiefs second in team history in sacks behind only Hall of Fame linebacker Derrick Thomas.
Retirement
On 10 May 2021, Hali signed a one-day contract with the Chiefs to retire as a member of the team.
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Hali's first name is based on Kissi culture wherein the second son born to a woman is always named "Tamba".
On 8 January 2016, Hali's fiancé gave birth to their son.
In his spare time, Hali writes rap music which he records in a studio in his basement. On 9 June 2017, Hali released his single that was produced by Masterkraft, "The One For Me", on Apple Music.
Hali became a U.S. citizen on 31 July 2006. Following his rookie year, Hali began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under the instruction of Rener Gracie and was promoted to purple belt in November 2017.
References
External links
Official website
"Hali Featured on Cover of The Sporting News" gopsusports.com, 12 April 2006
"By the grace of God, I am alive." The Sporting News, 13 April 2006
"Hali getting mixed signals" northjersey.com, 24 April 2006
"Hali has come too far to stop short," USA Today, 1 March 2006
"The great escape: Hali travels amazing road to achieve football stardom," Sports Illustrated, 25 February 2006
"Hali wrecks Wisconsin to earn Player of Week award," USA Today, 6 November 2005
Hali gets sized for his first Chiefs jersey VIDEO
"Chiefs rookie Hali becomes U.S. citizen," NFL.com, 1 August 2006
“Reluctant superstar: Chiefs linebacker Tamba Hali getting job done, even if he does so quietly,”Associated Press, 20 December 2011.
1983 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive ends
American football outside linebackers
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American people of Liberian descent
Doping cases in American football
Kansas City Chiefs players
Liberian players of American football
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Players of American football from Bergen County, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Monrovia
Teaneck High School alumni
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
|
Briana Nicole Henry (born January 19, 1992) is an American actress and is recognized for her portrayal of Jordan Ashford on ABC's General Hospital and Esmeralda on The Young and the Restless.
Early life
Henry was born in Broward County, Florida, on January 19, 1992, to a cop and a jazz singer.
Personal life
Henry married musician Kris Bowers on June 6, 2020, in Los Angeles. In November 2021, she announced she was pregnant with her first child. She gave birth to a daughter on February 28, 2022.
Filmography
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
American soap opera actresses
21st-century American actresses
|
Arthur Tappan (May 22, 1786 – July 23, 1865) was an American businessman, philanthropist and abolitionist. He was the brother of Ohio Senator Benjamin Tappan and abolitionist Lewis Tappan, and nephew of Harvard Divinity School theologian Rev. Dr. David Tappan.
He was a great-grandfather of Thornton Wilder.
Biography
Arthur was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, to Benjamin Tappan (1747–1831) and Sarah Homes Tappan (1748–1826), the latter a great-niece of Benjamin Franklin. They were devout Calvinists. Tappan moved to Boston at the age of 15. In 1807 he established a dry goods business in Portland, Maine.
After his death, Arthur was described thus by his friend and educational collaborator Theodore Dwight Weld, who called him one of humanity's "great benefactors":
In 1826, a year after the Erie Canal was completed, Arthur and his brother Lewis moved to New York City, the new national center of business and retail trade, where they established a silk importing business. In 1827 the brothers founded the New York Journal of Commerce with Samuel Morse.
Arthur and Lewis Tappan were successful businessmen, but commerce was never their foremost interest. They viewed making money as less important than saving souls. They made the Journal of Commerce a publication free of "immoral advertisements." Arthur Tappan's summer home in New Haven, Connecticut, was destroyed by a mob in 1831 (along with a black hotel and a black home) after his support for a surprisingly unpopular (New Haven Excitement) proposal of a college for African Americans in that city. (See Simeon Jocelyn.)
Both men suffered in the anti-abolitionist riots of 1834, in which mobs attacked their property. Arthur Tappan was one of two signatories who issued a disclaimer on behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society, of which he was president, in the aftermath of the riots, emphasising its dedication to abolishing slavery within the existing laws of the United States.
"In the great commercial crisis of 1837 he suffered immense losses; and not long after turned his attention to other and more retired occupations, by which he obtained a comfortable subsistence for his family, and the ability still to contribute, though on a greatly diminished scale, throughout his protracted life." Their philanthropic efforts crippled and pledges not met, the Tappans were forced to close their silk-importing business, and almost their paper, but the brothers persevered. In the 1840s, they founded another lucrative business enterprise when they opened the first commercial credit-rating service, the Mercantile Agency, a predecessor of Dun and Bradstreet.
Philanthropic and abolitionist activity
The Tappan brothers made their mark in commerce and in abolitionism. Throughout their careers, the Tappans devoted time and money to philanthropic causes as diverse as temperance, the abolition of slavery, and their support of new colleges in what was then the west of the country: successively, the Oneida Institute, Lane Theological Seminary, the Lane Rebels at Cumminsville, Ohio, and Oberlin Collegiate Institute. Their beliefs about observing Sabbath extended to campaigns against providing stagecoach service and mail deliveries on Sundays.
In 1833, while a principal owner of the Journal of Commerce, Arthur Tappan allied with William Lloyd Garrison and co-founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Arthur served as its first president, and there was in 1835 a reward of $20,000 () for his capture and delivery to New Orleans.
He resigned in 1840 because of his opposition to the society's new support of women's suffrage and feminism. Their early support for Oberlin College, a center of abolitionist activity, included $10,000 to build Tappan Hall. Oberlin's green Tappan Square now occupies the site.
Continuing their support for abolition, Arthur and his brother founded the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1840 and the American Missionary Association in 1846. After the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was passed, Tappan refused to comply with the new law and donated money to the Underground Railroad. The brothers' positions on the slavery issue were not universally popular. In early July 1834, Lewis Tappan's New York home was sacked by a mob, who threw his furniture into the street and burned it.
The Tappans and the Journal of Commerce attracted bitter criticism for their campaign to free the Africans who had taken over the slave ship Amistad in 1839. James Gordon Bennett, Sr.’s rival New York Morning Herald denounced “"the humbug doctrines of the abolitionists and the miserable fanatics who propagate them," particularly Lewis Tappan and the Journal of Commerce.
Arthur Tappan died in 1865, Lewis in 1873. Both men lived long enough to see the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment eliminate slavery in the United States, granting freedom to millions of African Americans. Arthur is buried in the Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven.
Writings
See also
List of opponents of slavery
Notes
External links
Biography of Tappan from Spartacus Educational
Biography from InfoPlease
The Liberator Files, Items concerning Arthur Tappan from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
1786 births
1865 deaths
American abolitionists
People from Northampton, Massachusetts
19th-century American businesspeople
American Anti-Slavery Society
American temperance activists
19th-century American philanthropists
Abolitionists from Massachusetts
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Ernie Cunnigan (born June 10, 1959), better known by his stage name Ernie C, is an American musician best known as the guitarist of rap metal band Body Count.
Early life
Cunnigan grew up in Compton, California and attended Crenshaw High School with Ice-T. Cunnigan was one of the few students attending the school who was interested in rock music. His uncle was an important influence. He introduced Cunnigan to different groups and a diverse number of styles in the genre. Cunnigan became an enthusiastic fan, eventually buying a guitar from his local music store. He dedicated himself to learning, starting at 12. He was entirely self-taught.
Cunnigan's guitar playing and showmanship earned him respect among his fellow students, including members of the Crips gang. He also taught guitar to fellow students, including D-Roc the Executioner, who later joined Body Count.
Career
Cunnigan and Body Count bandmate Ice-T co-wrote the song "Cop Killer". Cunnigan also produced demo tapes that led to the signings of Stone Temple Pilots and Rage Against the Machine, as well as the Forbidden album for Black Sabbath.
As part of the Body Count, Cunnigan received his first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance nomination in 2017 at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for the song "Black Hoodie" from the band's sixth studio album, Bloodlust. He managed to win at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, which was held on March 14, 2021, when he was nominated for the second time for the song "Bum-Rush" from the group's seventh album Carnivore.
Discography
The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech... Just Watch What You Say! (1989)
Body Count (1992)
Born Dead (1994)
Violent Demise: The Last Days (1997)
Murder 4 Hire (2006)
Manslaughter (2014)
Bloodlust (2017)
Carnivore (2020)
Videography
Murder 4 Hire (2004)
Live in LA (2005)
Smoke Out Festival Presents: Body Count (2005)
Awards and nominations
!
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|"Bum-Rush"
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References
External links
Ernie C on Facebook
Ernie C on Twitter
Ernie C on Myspace
1959 births
Living people
Lead guitarists
Grammy Award winners
American male guitarists
Body Count (band) members
Guitarists from California
African-American guitarists
Crenshaw High School alumni
African-American rock musicians
American heavy metal guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Compton, California
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The 1960 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1960 Big Ten Conference football season.
Schedule
Roster
DB Ron Vander Kelen
Team players in the 1961 NFL Draft
Team players in the 1961 AFL Draft
References
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Badgers football seasons
Wisconsin Badgers football
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Walewale is a town and the capital of Mamprusi West Municipal in the North East Region of Ghana.
The West Mamprusi Municipal is one of the 261 Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana, and forms part of the 6 MMDAs in the North East Region. The West Mamprusi Municipality is one of 45 new districts created in 1988 under the Government of Ghana’s decentralization and was later replaced with LI 2061 in 2012. With its administrative capital as Walewale.
Location
The Municipality is located within longitudes 0°35’W and 1°45’W and Latitude 9°55’N and 10°35’N. It has a total land size area of 2,596sq km.
It shares boundaries with East Mamprusi Municipal and Gushegu Municipal to the east; North Gonja District, Savelugu Municipal and Kumbungu District to the south; Builsa North District, Kassena-Nankana Municipal and Bolgatanga Municipal (Upper East Region) to the north and to the west, Mamprusi Moagduri District. It lies on the main road from Bolgatanga to Tamale, at the junction of the road west to Nalerigu, the capital of the newly created North East Region.
Population
The population of the Municipality according to 2021 population and housing census stands at 175,755 with 85,712 males and 90,043 females. It was founded by the Mamprusis. The language spoken by the people of Walewale is largely Mampruli, which is followed by Kassim, Guruni, Moshie.
Religion
The dominant religion is Islam, but a lot of churches are emerged in recent times. Walewale mosque, built in 1961 on the site of an earlier mud-and-stick mosque, is notable for its Moorish tower.
Economy
Walewale prides itself of four standard banks which are; Ghana Commercial Bank, Agricultural Development Bank, Bangmarigu Community Bank and GN Bank which is currently defunct. The town has about ten standard guest houses with two five-star hotels located along the main road leading to Bolgatanga, the Upper East Regional capital. There are seven fuel filling stations in the community, namely, Total Filling Station, Nasona Fuel Station, Zen Fuel Station, Goil Fuel Station, Gabs Filling Station and Petrosol. It also has a gas station located along the Nalerigu road.
Walewale has two radio stations, Eagle FM and Wale FM running on the frequencies 94.1(MHz), 106.9 (MHz) respectively which broadcast in English and the local language; Mampruli. They also have radio sessions broadcast in Frafra and other local languages. The town is also one of the municipalities to have benefited from the Zongo Ministry's artificial pitches. This makes the community suitable in hosting any tournament in the newly created North East Region.
Climate
Health
Walewale can boast of its over 100-bed health facility known as Walewale Municipal Hospital that is enhanced with three ambulances. The town also has two health facilities in addition to the Municipal hospital. These facilities are Our Lady of Roccio clinic and Mandela Healthcare center. The town is also the central point of the Zipline drones used for medical purposes. The Zipline Medical drone Center is currently an operational drone center in Ghana, and it is meant to serve all five northern Regions.
References
Populated places in the North East Region (Ghana)
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Baseball was contested at the 1954 Central American and Caribbean Games in Mexico City, Mexico.
References
1954 Central American and Caribbean Games
1954
1954
Central American and Caribbean Games
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The Huayan school of Buddhism (, Wade–Giles: Hua-Yen, "Flower Garland," from the Sanskrit "Avataṃsaka") is Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907). The Huayan worldview is based primarily on the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra (, Flower Garland Sutra) as well as on the works of Huayan patriarchs, like Zhiyan (602–668), Fazang (643–712), Chengguan (738–839), Zongmi (780–841) and Li Tongxuan (635–730).
Another common name for this tradition is the Xianshou school (Xianshou being another name for patriarch Fazang). The Huayan School is known as Hwaeom in Korea, Kegon in Japan and Hoa Nghiêm in Vietnam.
The Huayan tradition considers the Flower Garland Sutra to be the ultimate teaching of the Buddha. It also draws on other sources, like the Mahayana Awakening of Faith, and the Madhyamaka and Yogacara philosophies. Huayan teachings, especially its doctrines of universal interpenetration, nature-origination (which sees all phenomena as arising from a single ontological source), and the omnipresence of Buddhahood, were very influential on Chinese Buddhism and also on the rest of East Asian Buddhism. Huayan thought was especially influential on Chan (Zen) Buddhism, and some scholars even see Huayan as the main Buddhist philosophy behind Zen.
History
Origins of the Chinese Avataṃsaka tradition
The Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra (The Garland of Buddhas Sutra, or The Multitude of Buddhas Sutra) is a compilation of sutras of various length, some of which originally circulated as independent works before being combined into the "full" Avataṃsaka. One of the earliest of these texts, the Ten Stages Sutra (Daśabhūmika), may date from the first century CE. These various sutras were probably joined shortly before its translation into Chinese, at the beginning of the 5th century CE.
There are various versions of the Chinese Avataṃsaka (Chinese: Huāyán Jīng 華嚴經, "Splendid Flower Adornment Sutra"). The full sutra was translated into Chinese three times (in versions of 40, 60, and 80 fascicles or "scrolls", 卷). The earliest Chinese texts associated with the Avataṃsaka are the Dousha jing (Taisho 280), produced by Lokaksema (fl. 147–189) in the latter part of the second century CE, and the Pusa benye jing (Book of the Original Acts that Adorn the Bodhisattva, T. 281), translated by Zhi Qian (fl. ca. 220–257 CE) in the early to mid third century. There is evidence that these smaller or partial Avataṃsaka sutras circulated on their own as individual scriptures.
As soon as the large Huāyán Sūtra appeared in China, an exegetical tradition grew up around the text in order to explain it. The first translation of the larger Huāyán Sūtra (in 60 fascicles) is often dated to the Southern Dynasties era (c. 420–589), when a translation team led by Gandharan master Buddhabhadra produced a full Chinese translation of the text. There is also evidence of a Huāyán Sūtra tradition in the Northern Dynasties (386-581) era. The Avataṃsaka teachings are associated with figures like Xuangao (402-444) who led a community with Daorong at Binglingsi cave, and Zhidan (c. 429–490), who argued that only the Huāyán Sūtra teaches the "sudden teaching" (while other Mahayana texts teach the gradual teaching).
Xuangao, a disciple of Buddhabhadra, was associated with the teaching of the "Huāyán Samadhi" which is said to have been passed on to him by Buddhabhadra. According to Hamar, Xuangao's tradition is a precursor to the Huayan school and may have even composed the apocryphal Brahma's Net Sūtra (Fanwang Jing T1484). Xuangao's tradition is also associated with Chinese meditation cave grottoes such as the Yungang Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes and the Bingling Temple Grottoes.
The origins of some of the teachings of the Huāyán school proper can also be traced back to the Dilun school, which was based on the Shidijing lun (十地經論), Vasubandhu's commentary to the Daśabhūmikā-sutra (which is part of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra) translated by Bodhiruci and Ratnamati. Dilun figures like Ratnamati's disciple Huiguang (468–537) emphasized the study of the entire Avataṃsaka and Dilun masters likely had their own commentaries on the text (but none have survived in full). Only a few extracts remain, such as parts of Huiguang's commentary and parts of Lingyu's (518–605).
Lingbian (靈辨, 477–522) was another early figure who studied and commented on the Avataṃsaka. He is referred to by Fazang as a great devotee of Manjushri, and 12 fascicles of Lingbian's commentary to the Avataṃsaka survive, being the earliest significant Chinese commentary on the Avataṃsaka which is extant.
Tang dynasty patriarchs
The founding of the Huayan school proper is traditionally attributed to a series of five patriarchs who were instrumental in developing the school's doctrines during the Tang dynasty (618 to 907). These Huayan "patriarchs" (though they did not call themselves as such) were erudite scholar-practitioner who created a unique tradition of exegesis, study and practice through their writings and oral teachings. They were particularly influenced by the works of the Dilun and Shelun schools of Chinese Yogacara.
These five patriarchs are:
Dushun (, c. 557–640), a monk who was known as a meditator master and who was devoted to the Huayan sutra. He wrote several works, including the Discernments of the Huayan Dharmadhātu (Huayan fajie guanmen).
Zhiyan (, c. 602–668), was a student of Dushun who is considered to have established most of the main doctrines of Huayan thought and is thus a crucial figure in the foundation of Huayan. Zhiyan also studied with various masters from the Dilun and Shelun schools, which were branches of Chinese Yogacara.
Fazang (, c. 643–712), who was the Buddhist teacher of the Empress Wu Zetian (684–705) and is often considered the real founder of the school. He wrote numerous works on Huayan thought and practice including several commentaries on the Avatamsaka. He also worked on a new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra (in collaboration with various figures, including Śikṣānanda) in 80 fascicles.
Chengguan (, c. 738–839), though he was not a direct student of Fazang (who died 25 years before Chengguan's birth), Chengguan further developed the Huayan teachings in innovative directions in his various commentaries and treatises. He was a student of Fashen (718–778), who was a student of Fazang's student Huiyuan. Chengguan's voluminous commentary to the new 80 fascicle Avatamsaka (the Da fang-guang fo huayan jing shu, 大方廣佛華嚴經疏, T. 1735), along with his sub-commentary to it (T. 1736), soon became the authoritative commentaries to the sutra in East Asia.
Guifeng Zongmi (, c. 780–841), who is also known for also being a patriarch of Chinese Chán and for also writing on Daoism and Confucianism. His writings include works on Chan (such as the influential Chan Prolegomenon) and various Huayan commentaries. He was particularly fond of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, writing a commentary and sub-commentary to it.
While the above list is the most common one, other Huayan patriarchal lists add different figures, such as Nagarjuna, Asvaghosa, Vasubandhu, and the lay master Li Tongxuan (, 635?-730), the author of the Xin Huayan Jing Lun (新華嚴經論, Treatise on the new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra), a popular and lengthy commentary on the Avatamsaka. Li Tongxuan's writings on the Huayan sutra were particularly influential on later Chan Buddhists, who often preferred his interpretations.
Another important Huayan figure of the Tang era was Fazang's main disciple Huiyuan (慧苑, 673–743) who also wrote a commentary on the Avatamsaka Sutra. Because Huiyuan modified some of Fazang's interpretations, he was retroactively sidelined from the Huayan lineage of patriarchs by later figures like Chengguan who criticized some of his doctrinal positions. According to Imre Hamar, Huiyuan compared the Daoist teachings on the origination of the world to the Huayan teaching on the dependent arising of the tathagatagarbha. Huiyuan also incorporated Daoism and Confucianism into his panjiao (doctrinal classification) system. Chengguan disagreed with this.
Liao and Xia developments
After the time of Zongmi and Li Tongxuan, Chinese Huayan generally stagnated in terms of new developments, and then eventually began to decline. The school, which had been dependent upon the support it received from the government, suffered severely during the Great Buddhist Persecution of the Huichang era (841–845), initiated by Emperor Wuzong of Tang. The school stagnated even further in the conflicts and confusion of the late Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) era.
After the fall of the Tang dynasty several Huayan commentaries were lost. However, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era, Huayan remained influential, being part of the "Huayan-Chan" lineages influenced by Zongmi which were very popular in the north, especially in the Khitan Liao Empire (916-1125) and the Tangut kingdom (1038-1227) of the Western Xia. Various masters from these non-Chinese kingdoms are known, such as Xianyan (1048-1118) from Kailong temple in Khitan Upper capital, Hengce (1049-1098), Tongli dashi from Yanjing, Daoshen (1056?-1114?), Xianmi Yuantong, from Liao Wutaishan, Zhifu (fl. during the reign of Liao Daozong, 1055–1101).
The Liao and Xia Huayan traditions were more syncretic, adopting elements of Zongmi's Heze Chan influenced Huayan, as well as Chinese Esoteric Buddhism (zhenyan), Hongzhou Chan, and even Tibetan Buddhism in some cases. Several texts from the Liao Huayan tradition have survived, such as master Daochen's (道㲀) Chan influenced Account of Mirroring Mind (Jingxin lu, 鏡心錄) and his esoteric influenced Collection of Essentials for Realization of Buddhahood in the Perfect Penetration of the Exoteric and Secret Teachings (Xianmi Yuantong chengfo xinyao, 顯密圓通成佛心要 T no. 1955). Another Liao Tangut work which survives from this period is The Meaning of the Luminous One-Mind of the Ultimate One Vehicle (Jiujing yicheng yuan-ming xinyao 究竟一乘圓明心要) by Tongli Hengce (通理恆策, 1048–1098). The works of the Liao tradition are important because they served as one of the sources of the later Huayan revival during the Song.
Song revival
After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Huayan lineage experienced a revival in the following Song dynasty (960-1279). Tang era Huayan commentaries which had been dispersed were returned in 1085 by the Goryeo monk Uicheon. Uicheon (義天, 1055–1101) was thus an important figure of this revival period. The chief Chinese Huayan figures of the Song dynasty revival were Changshui Zixuan (子璇, 965–1038), Jinshui Jingyuan (靜源, 1011–1088), and Yihe (義和, c. early twelfth century).
Jingyuan is known for his sub-commentary to Chengguan's Huayan sutra commentary, while Zixuan is famed for his twenty-fascicle Notes on the Meaning of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra (首楞嚴義疏注經). While the Huayan school is generally seen as having been weaker than Chan or Tiantai during the Song, it still enjoyed considerable support from Chinese elites and from Buddhist monastics. Another important figure in the Song revival of Huayan was Guangzhi Bensong (廣智本嵩, fl. 1040), a master from the from Kaifeng. He is well known for his Thirty gāthās on the Contemplation of the Dharma-realm and Seven syllables of the title of the Huayan (Huayan qizi jing ti fajie guan sanshi men song 華嚴 七字經題法界觀三十門頌, Taisho no. 1885). Some of his other works have survived in Tangut.
New Huayan practice and ritual manuals were also written during the Song, such as Jinshui Jingyuan's "Rites on Practicing the Vows of Samantabhadra" (Chinese: 華嚴普賢行願修證儀; Pinyin: Huáyán Pǔxián Xíngyuàn Xiūzhèng Yí, Taisho Supplement no. X1473). These rites were influenced by Tiantai school ritual manuals, as well as by earlier Huayan materials. Song era Huayan monks also developed distinctly Huayan forms of "concentration and contemplation" (zhi guan), inspired by Tiantai methods as well as the Avatamsaka sutra and Huayan thought.
Jinshui Jingyuan also helped organize some state recognized Huayan public monasteries, like Huiyin temple. Jingyuan is nown for his association with Mount Wutai, which has been a key center for Huayan Buddhism since the Song dynasty.
In the later Song, there were also four great Huayan masters: Daoting, Shihui (1102-1166), Guanfu, and Xidi. During the Yuan dynasty, the Huayan master Purui also wrote various Huayan works.
Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming dynasty, Huayan remained influential. One important event during the early Ming was when the eminent Huayan monk Huijin (1355-1436) was invited by the Xuande Emperor (1399-1435) to the imperial palace to preside over the copying of ornate manuscripts of the Buddhāvataṃsaka, Prajñāpāramitā, Mahāratnakūṭa, and Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtras.
During the sixteenth century, Beijing was the center of Chinese Buddhist doctrinal study. During the late Ming, Kongyin Zhencheng (1547–1617), Lu'an (or Lushan) Putai (fl. 1511) of Beijing's Da Xinglong monastery and Yu’an Zhengui (born 1558) were some of the most influential scholars of Huayan thought. Huayan philosophy was also influential on some of the most eminent monks of the Ming era, including Zhibo Zhenke and Yunqi Zhuhong (1535–1615), both of whom studied and drew on Huayan thought and promoted the unity of practice (Chan and Pure Land) and study. Zhuhong himself was a student of Wuji Mingxin (1512-1574) of Bao'en monastery, who in turn was a disciple of Lu'an Putai. Another influential student of Wuji was Xuelang Hong'en (1545-1608), who became the most famous teacher in Jiangnan and lead revival of Huayan studies during this time. His main students include Yiyu Tongrun (1565-1624), Cangxue Duche (1588-1656), Tairu Minghe (1588-1640) and Gaoyuan Mingyu (fl. 1612).
During the Qing dynasty (1636-1912), Huayan philosophy continued to develop and exert a strong influence on Chinese Buddhism and its other traditions, including Chan and Pure Land. During the Qing, the most influential Huayan figures were Baiting Xufa (1641-1728) and Datian Tongli (1701-1782). Xufa wrote various works on nianfo, including: Short Commentary on the Amitabhasutra, and Straightforward Commentary on the Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra”. Another influential figure was the lay scholar Peng Shaosheng (彭紹升, 1740–1796).
Baiting Xufa and Peng Shaosheng were known for their synthesis of Huayan thought with Pure Land practice which is termed "Huayan-Nianfo". For the scholar monk Xufa, the practice of nianfo (contemplation of the Buddha) was a universal method suitable for everyone which was taught in the Avatamsaka Sutra and could lead to an insight into the Huayan teachings of interpenetration. Xufa generally defended the mind-only Pure land view which saw the Pure land and Amitabha Buddha as reflections of the “one true mind” (yixin 一心, zhenxin 真心) or the "one true dharmadhatu." Similarly, for Peng Shaosheng, Amitabha was synonymous with the Vairocana Buddha of the Avatamsaka sutra, and the pure land was part of Vairocana's Lotus Treasury World. As such, the practice of nianfo and of the methods of the Avatamsaka would lead to rebirth in the Pure land (which is non-dual with all worlds in the universe) and see Buddha Amitabha (which is equal to seeing all Buddhas).
Korean Hwaôm
In the 7th century, the Huayan school was transmitted into Silla Korea, where it is known as Hwaôm (Hangul: 화엄). This tradition was transmitted by the monk Uisang (의상대사, 625–702), who had been a student of Zhiyan together with Fazang. After Uisang returned to Korea in 671, established the school and wrote various Hwaôm works, including a popular poem called the Beopseongge, also known as the Diagram of the Realm of Reality, which encapsulated the Huayan teaching. In this effort, he was greatly aided by the powerful influences of his friend Wonhyo, who also studied and drew on Huayan thought and is considered a key figure of Korean Hwaôm. Wonhyo wrote a partial commentary on the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (the Hwaŏm-gyŏng so). Another important Hwaôm figure was Chajang (d. between 650 and 655).
After the passing of these two early monks, the Hwaôm school eventually became the most influential tradition in the Silla Kingdom until the end of the kingdom. Royal support allowed various Hwaôm monasteries to be constructed on all five of Korea's sacred mountains, and the tradition became the main force behind the unification of various Korean Buddhist cults, such as those of Manjushri, Maitreya and Amitabha. Important figures include the Silla monk Pŏmsu who introduced the work of Chengguan to Korea in 799, and Sŭngjŏn, a disciple of Uisang. Another important figure associated with Hwaôm was the literatus Ch’oe Ch’iwŏn. He is known for his biographies of Fazang and Uisang, along with other Huayan writings. Towards of the end of Silla, Gwanhye of Hwaeomsa and Master Heuirang (875-927 CE) were the two most important figures. During this period Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa Temples formed two sub-sects of Hwaeom who disputed with each other on matters of doctrine.
The Hwaôm school remained the predominant doctrinal school in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). An important figure of this time was Gyunyeo (923–973). He is known for his commentary on Uisang's Diagram of the Realm of Reality. He also unified the southern and northern factions of Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa. Korean Buddhism declined severely under the Confucian Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). All schools were forced to merge into one single school, which was dominated by the Seon (Korean Zen) tradition. Within the Seon school, Hwaôm thought would continue to play a strong role until modern times and various Hwaôm commentaries were written in the Joseon era.
Japanese Kegon
Kegon () is the Japanese transmission of Huayan. Huayan studies were founded in Japan in 736 when the scholar-priest Rōben (689–773), originally a monk of the East Asian Yogācāra tradition, invited the Korean monk Shinjō () to give lectures on the Avatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen Temple (金鐘山寺, also 金鐘寺 Konshu-ji or Kinshō-ji), the origin of later Tōdai-ji. When the construction of the Tōdai-ji was completed, Rōben became the head of the new Kegon school in Japan and received the support of emperor Shōmu. Kegon would become known as one of the Nanto Rikushū (南都六宗) or "Six Buddhist Sects of Nanto". Rōben's disciple Jitchū continued administration of Tōdai-ji and expanded its prestige through the introduction of imported rituals.
Kegon thought would later be further popularized by Myōe (1173–1232), abbot and founder of Kōzan-ji Kegon temple, who combined the Kegon lineage Tendai and Shingon esoteric lineages. He was a prolific scholar monk who composed over 50 works. Myōe promoted the practice of the mantra of light (kōmyō shingon) as simple efficacious practice that was available to all, lay and monastic. He also promoted the idea that this mantra could lead to rebirth in Amitabha's pure land, thus providing a Kegon alternative to popular Japanese Pure Land methods.
Over time, Kegon incorporated esoteric rituals from Shingon, with which it shared a cordial relationship. Its practice continues to this day, and includes a few temples overseas.
Another important Kegon figure was Gyōnen (1240–1321), who was a great scholar (who studied numerous schools including Madhyamaka, Shingon, and Risshu Vinaya) and led a revival of the Kegon school in the late Kamakura era. He was also known as a great historian of Japanese Buddhism and as a great Pure Land thinker. His Pure Land thought is most systematically expressed in his Jōdo hōmon genrushō (淨土法門源流章, T 2687:84) and it was influenced by various figures of his day, such as the Jodo monk Chōsai, and the Sanron figure Shinkū Shōnin, as well as by his understanding of Huayan thought.
In the Tokugawa period, another Kegon scholarly revival occurred under the Kegon monk Hōtan (1657-1738. a.k.a. Sōshun, Genko Dōjin) and his disciple Fujaku (1707-1781).
Modern Era
During the Republican Period (1912–1949), various monks were known for their focus on Huayan teaching and practice. Key Huayan figures of this era include Cizhou (1877–1958), Zhiguang (1889–1963), Changxing, Yingci, Yang Wenhui, Yuexia, Shouye, and Kefa. Some of these figures were part of a network of Huayan study and practice.
In 1914, Huayan University, the first modern Buddhist monastic school, was founded in Shanghai to further systematize Huayan teaching and teach monastics. It helped to expand the Huayan tradition into the rest of into East Asia, Taiwan, and the West. The university managed to foster a network of educated monks who focused on Huayan Buddhism during the 20th century. Through this network, the lineage of the Huayan tradition was transmitted to many monks, which helped to preserve the lineage down to the modern day via new Huayan-centred organizations that these monks would later found.
Several new Huayan Buddhist organizations have been established since the latter half of the 20th century. In contemporary times, the largest and oldest of the Huayan-centered organizations in Taiwan is the Huayan Lotus Society (Huayan Lianshe 華嚴蓮社), which was founded in 1952 by the monk Zhiguang and his disciple Nanting, who were both part of the network fostered by the Huayan University. Since its founding, the Huayan Lotus Society has been centered on the study and practice of the Huayan Sutra. It hosts a full recitation of the sutra twice each year, during the third and tenth months of the lunar calendar. Each year during the eleventh lunar month, the society also hosts a seven-day Huayan Buddha retreat (Huayan foqi 華嚴佛七), during which participants chant the names of the buddhas and bodhisattvas in the text. The society emphasizes the study of the Huayan Sutra by hosting regular lectures on it. In recent decades, these lectures have occurred on a weekly basis.
Like other Taiwanese Buddhist organization's, the Society has also diversified its propagation and educational activities over the years. It produces its own periodical and runs its own press. It also now runs a variety of educational programs, including a kindergarten, a vocational college, and short-term courses in Buddhism for college and primary-school students, and offers scholarships. One example is their founding of the Huayan Buddhist College (Huayan Zhuanzong Xueyuan 華嚴專宗學院) in 1975. They have also established branch temples overseas, most notably in California's San Francisco Bay Area. In 1989, they expanded their outreach to the United States of America by formally establishing the Huayan Lotus Society of the United States (Meiguo Huayan Lianshe 美國華嚴蓮社). Like the parent organization in Taiwan, this branch holds weekly lectures on the Huayan Sutra and several annual Huayan Dharma Assemblies where it is chanted. It also holds monthly memorial services for the society's spiritual forebears.
In Mainland China, Huayan teachings began to be more widely re-propagated after the end of the Cultural Revolution. Various monks from the network of monks fostered by the original Huayan University, such as Zhenchan (真禪) and Mengcan (夢參), were the driving factors behind the re-propagation as they travelled widely throughout China as well as other countries such as the United States and lectured on Huayan teachings. In 1996, one of Mengcan's tonsured disciples, the monk Jimeng (繼夢), also known as Haiyun (海雲), founded the Huayan Studies Association (Huayan Xuehui 華嚴學會) in Taipei, which was followed in 1999 by the founding of the larger Caotangshan Great Huayan Temple (Caotangshan Da Huayansi 草堂山大華嚴寺). This temple hosts many Huayan-related
activities, including a weekly Huayan Assembly. Since 2000, the
association has grown internationally, with branches in Australia, Canada, and the United States.
Influence
The doctrines of the Huayan school ended up having profound impact on the philosophical attitudes of East Asian Buddhism. According to Wei Daoru their theory of perfect interfusion was "gradually accepted by all Buddhist traditions and it eventually permeated all aspects of Chinese Buddhism." Huayan even is seen by some scholars as the main philosophy behind Chan Buddhism.
Huayan thought had a noticeable impact on East Asian Esoteric Buddhism. Kukai (774-835) was deeply knowledgeable of Huayan thought and he saw Huayan as the highest exoteric view. Some of Kukai's ideas, such as his view of Buddhahood in this body, was also influenced by Huayan ideas.
During the post-Tang era, Huayan (along with Chan) thought also influenced the Tiantai school. Tiantai school figures who were influenced by Huayan and Chan were called the "off mountain" (shanwai) faction, and a debate ensued between them and the "home mountain" (shanjia) faction.
Huayan thought was also an important source for the Pure Land doctrine of the Yuzu Nembutsu sect of Ryōnin (1072–1132). Likewise, Huayan thought was important to some Chinese Pure Land thinkers, such as the Ming exegete Yunqi Zuhong (1535–1615) and the modern lay scholar Yang Wenhui (1837–1911).
On Chan
Chinese Chán was profoundly influenced by Huayan, though Chán also defined itself by distinguishing itself from Huayan. Guifeng Zongmi, the Fifth Patriarch of the Huayan school, occupies a prominent position in the history of Chán. Mazu Daoyi, the founder of the influential Hongzhou school of Chan, was influenced by Huayan teachings, like the identity of principle and phenomena. He also sometimes quoted from Huayan sources in his sermons, like Dushun's Fajie guanmen (Contemplation of the Realm of Reality). Mazu's student Baizhang Huaihai also draws on Huayan metaphysics in his writings.
Dongshan Liangjie (806–869), the founder of the Caodong lineage, formulated his theory of the Five Ranks based on Huayan's Fourfold Dharmadhatu teaching. The influential Caodong text called Sandokai, attributed to Shitou, also draws on Huayan themes. In a similar fashion, Linji, the founder of the Linji school, also drew on Huayan texts and commentaries, such as Li Tongxuan's Xin Huayan Jing Lun (新華嚴經論, Treatise on the new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra). This influence can also be seen in Linji's schema of the "four propositions". According to Thomas Cleary, similar Huayan influences can be found in the works of other Tang dynasty Chan masters like Yunmen Wenyan (d. 949) and Fayen Wenyi (885-958).
During the Song dynasty, Huayan metaphysics were further assimilated by the various Chan lineages. Cleary names Touzi Yiqing (1032-1083) and Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163) as two Song era Chan figures which drew on Huayan teachings. The Ming era Chan master Hanshan Deqing (1546-1623) is known for promoting the study of Huayan and for his work on a new edition of Chengguan's commentary on the Huayan sutra.
A similar syncretism with Zen occurred in Korea, where the Korean Huayan tradition influenced and was eventually merged with Seon (Korean Zen). The influence of Huayan teachings can be found in the works of the seminal Seon figure Jinul. Jinul was especially influenced by the writings of Li Tongxuan.
Huayan thought has also been influential on the worldview of Thich Nhat Hanh, particularly his understanding of emptiness as "Interbeing".
Texts
Huayan sutra
The Huayan school's central text is the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (Flower Garland Sutra, Ch. Huāyán Jīng), which is considered the supreme Buddhist revelation in this tradition. There are three different translations of the work in Chinese and other related sutras as well. According to Paul Williams, the Avataṃsaka Sūtra is not a systematic philosophical work, though it does contain various Mahayana teachings reminiscent of Madhyamaka and Yogacara, as well as mentioning a pure untainted awareness or consciousness (amalacitta).
The sutra is filled with mystical and visionary imagery, focusing on figures like the bodhisattvas Samantabhadra and Manjushri, and the Buddhas Shakyamuni, and Vairocana. Vairocana is the universal Buddha, whose body is the entire universe and who is said to pervade every atom in the universe with his light, wisdom, teachings, and magical emanations.
According to the Huayan sutra:The realm of the Buddhas is inconceivable, no sentient being can fathom it....The Buddha constantly emits great beams of light, in each light beam are innumerable Buddhas....The Buddha-body is pure and always tranquil, the radiance of its light extends throughout the world....The Buddha's freedom cannot be measured— It fills the cosmos and all space....With various techniques it teaches the living, sound like thunder, showering the rain of truth....All virtuous activities in the world come from the Buddha's light....In all atoms of all lands Buddha enters, each and every one, producing miracle displays for sentient beings: Such is the way of Vairocana....In each atom are many oceans of worlds, their locations each different all beautifully pure. Thus does infinity enter into one, yet each unit's distinct, with no overlap....In each atom are innumerable lights pervading the lands of the ten directions, all showing the Buddhas’ enlightenment practices. The same in all oceans of worlds. In each atom the Buddhas of all times appear, according to inclinations; While their essential nature neither comes nor goes, by their own power they pervade the worlds.
All these awakened activities and skillful techniques (upaya) are said to lead all living beings through the bodhisattva stages and eventually to Buddhahood. These various stages of spiritual attainment are discussed in various parts of the sutra (book 15, book 26).
An important doctrine that the Huayan school drew from this sutra is the idea that all levels of reality are interrelated, interpenetrated and interfused, and so "inside everything is everything else". As the Huayan sutra states:They . . . perceive that the fields full of assemblies, the beings and aeons which are as many as all the dust particles, are all present in every particle of dust. They perceive that the many fields and assemblies and the beings and the aeons are all reflected in each particle of dust.According to Dumoulin, the Huayan vision of "unity in totality allows every individual entity of the phenomenal world its uniqueness without attributing an inherent nature to anything". According to Williams, this interfused vision of the cosmos is the total realm of all phenomena, the "Dharma realm" (Dharmadhatu) as seen from the point of view of a Buddha. The focus of the Huayan sutra is thus how to attain this contemplative universal vision of ultimate reality, as well as the miraculous powers of Buddhas and bodhisattvas with which they communicate their vision of the ultimate truth.
Furthermore, because all things are interconnected and interfused, the Buddha (and his cosmic body and universal light) is present everywhere and so is his wisdom, which is said to be all pervasive. As chapter 32 of the sutra states: "in the class of living beings there is no place where the wisdom of Tathagata is not present."
Other key scriptures
The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana (Dasheng Qixin Lun, 大乘起信論) was another key scriptural source for Huayan masters like Fazang and Zongmi, both of whom wrote commentaries on this treatise. The Lotus sutra was also seen as an important scripture in Huayan. Various Huayan masters saw the Lotus sutra as a sutra of definitive (ultimate) meaning alongside the Avatamsaka. Fazang also considered the Lankavatara sutra to be a definitive sutra, and he wrote a commentary on it. The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment was also particularly important for the Huayan patriarch Zongmi.
Commentaries and treatises
The Huayen patriarchs wrote numerous other commentaries and original treatises. Fazang for example, wrote commentaries on the Avatamsaka, the Lankavatara Sutra, the Awakening of Faith, the Brahmajāla Sūtra (Taisho no. 40, no. 1813) and the Ghanavyūha Sūtra (no. X368 in the supplement to the Taisho canon, Xu zang jing 續藏經 vol. 34).
Perhaps the most important commentaries for the Chinese Huayan school are Fazang's commentary on the Avatamsaka Sutra, the Huayan jing tanxuan ji (華嚴經探玄記, Record of Investigating the Mystery of the Avatamsaka sutra) in 60 fascicles and Chengguan's Extensive Commentary on the Buddhāvataṃsaka sutra (Da fang-guang fo huayan jing shu, 大方廣佛華嚴經疏, T. 1735), and his sub-commentary (T. 1736). Other Huayan figures like Zhiyan, and Li Tongxuan also wrote influential commentaries on the Huayan sutra.
Fazang wrote a number of other original Huayan treatises, such as Treatise on the Golden Lion, which is said to have been written to explain Huayan's view of interpenetration to Empress Wu. Another key Huayen treatise is On the Meditation of the Dharmadhātu attributed to the first patriarch Dushun.
Peter N. Gregory notes that the Huayan commentarial tradition was: "not primarily concerned with a careful exegesis of the original meaning of the scripture." Instead it was concerned with specific doctrines, ideas and metaphors (such as nature origination, the dependent arising of the dharmadhatu, interfusion, and the six characteristics of all dharmas) which was inspired by scripture.
Doctrine
Huayan thought seeks to explain the nature of the Dharmadhatu (法界, fajie, the realm of phenomena, the Dharma realm), which is the world as it is ultimately, from the point of view of a fully awakened being. In East Asian Buddhism, the Dharmadhatu is the whole of reality, the totality of all things. Thus, Huayan seeks to provide a holistic metaphysics that explains all of reality.
Huayan philosophy is influenced by the Huayan sutra, other Mahayana scriptures like the Awakening of Faith and the Lotus Sutra, as well as by the various Chinese Buddhist traditions like Chinese Yogacara, the buddha-nature schools like Shelun and Dilun, and Madhyamaka (Sanlun). Huayan patriarchs were also influenced by non-buddhist Chinese philosophy.
Some key elements of Huayan philosophy are: the interpenetration and interfusion (yuanrong) of all phenomena (dharmas), "nature origination," (xingqi) - how phenomena arise out of an ultimate principle, which is buddha-nature, or the "One Mind", how the ultimate principle (li) and all phenomena (shi) are mutually interpenetrated, the relation between parts and the whole (understood through the six characteristics), a unique Huayan interpretation of the Yogacara framework of the three natures (sanxing) and a unique view of Vairocana Buddha as an all pervasive cosmic being.
Interpenetration
A key doctrine of Huayan is the mutual containment and interpenetration (xiangru) of all phenomena (dharmas), also known as "perfect interfusion" (yuanrong, 圓融). This is associated with what is termed "dharmadhatu pratityasamutpada" (法界緣起, fajie yuanqi, the dependent arising of the whole realm of phenomena), which is Huayan's unique interpretation of dependent arising. This doctrine is described by Wei Daoru as the idea that "countless dharmas (all phenomena in the world) are representations of the wisdom of Buddha without exception" and that "they exist in a state of mutual dependence, interfusion and balance without any contradiction or conflict." According to the doctrine of interpenetration, any phenomenon exists only as part of the total nexus of reality, its existence depends on the total network of all other things, which are all equally connected to each other and contained in each other.
According to Fazang, since the sum of all things determines any individual thing, “one is many, many is one” (yi ji duo, duo ji yi). Furthermore, according to Fazang “one in many, many in one” (yi zhong duo, duo zhong yi), because any dharma penetrates and is penetrated by the totality of all things. Thomas Cleary explains this Buddhist holism as one which sees the universe "as one single nexus of conditions in which everything simultaneously depends on, and is depended on by, everything else. Seen in this light, then, everything affects and is affected by, more or less immediately or remotely, everything else; just as this is true of every system of relationships, so is it true of the totality of existence." In this worldview, all dharmas are so interconnected that they are fused together without any obstructions in a perfectly harmonious whole (which is the entire universe, the Dharmadhatu).
In the Huayan school, the teaching of interpenetration is depicted through various metaphors, such as Indra's net, a teaching which may have been influenced by the Gandhavyuha chapter's climax scene in Vairocana's Tower. Indra's net is an infinite cosmic net that contains a multifaceted jewel at each vertex, with each jewel being reflected in all of the other jewels, ad infinitum. Thus, each jewel contains the entire net of jewels reflected within.
Other Huayan metaphors included a hall of mirrors, the rafter and the building, and the world text. The rafter-building metaphor can be found in Fazang's famous “Rafter Dialogue”. Fazang argues that any rafter (any part) is essential to the existence of its building (standing in for the universe, the dharmadhatu). Likewise, the identity and existence of any rafter is also dependent on it being part of a building (otherwise it would not be a rafter). Therefore, any phenomenon is necessarily dependent upon all phenomena in the universe, and because of this, all phenomena lack any metaphysical independence or essential nature (svabhava).
The six characteristics
One framework which is used by the Huayan tradition to further explain the doctrine of interpenetration is the "perfect interfusion of the six characteristics" (liuxiang yuanrong 六相圓融). Each element of the six characteristics refers to a specific kind of mereological relation. The six characteristics are:
Wholeness / universality (zongxiang): each dharma (like a rafter) is characterized by wholeness, because it takes part in creating a whole (like a building), and each dharma is indispensable in creating the whole.
Particularity / distinctness (biexiang): a dharma is characterized by particularity (e.g. any specific rafter) as far as it is a numerically distinct particular that is different from the whole.
Identity / sameness (tongxiang): each dharma is characterized by a certain identity with all other parts of the whole, since they all mutually form the whole without conflict.
Difference (yixiang): each dharma is different, since they have distinct functions and appearance, even while being part of a single whole.
Integration (chengxiang): each dharma is integrated together with other dharmas in forming each other and in forming the whole, and each dharma does not interfere with every other dharma.
Non-integration / disintegration (huaixiang): the fact that each part maintains its unique activity and retains its individuality while making up the whole.
Implications of interpenetration
The Buddhist doctrine of interpenetration also has several further implications in Huayan thought:
Truth is understood as encompassing and interpenetrating falsehood (or illusion), and vice versa (see also: two truths)
Purity (Śuddha) and goodness is understood as interpenetrating impurity and evil
Practicing any single Buddhist teaching entails the practicing of all other teachings
Ending one mental defilement (klesha) is ending all of them
The past contains the future and vice versa, all, three times are interfused
Practicing in one bodhisattva stage (bhumi) entails practicing in all bodhisattva stages
Furthermore, according to the lay Huayan master Li Tongxuan, all things are just the one true dharma-realm (Ch. yi zhen fajie), and as such, there is no ontological difference between sacred and secular, awakening and ignorance, or even between Buddhahood and living beings. Because of the unity of ordinary human life and enlightenment, Li also held that Chinese sages like Confucius and Laozi also taught the bodhisattva path in their own way.
The Huayan doctrines of interfusion and non-duality also leads to several seemingly paradoxical views. Some examples include: (1) since any phenomenon X is empty, this implies X is also not X; (2) any particular phenomenon is an expression of and contains the absolute and yet it retains its particularity; (3) since each phenomenon contains all other phenomena, the conventional order of space and time is violated.
The ultimate principle and nature-origination
Another important metaphysical framework used by Huayan patriarchs is that of principle (理, li, or the ultimate pattern) and phenomena (shi). 'Principle' is the ultimate reality, which is ultimate reality (paramārtha-satya) which is endless and without limits, while phenomena (shi) refers to the impermanent and relative dharmas.
In Fazang's influential Essay on the Golden Lion (Taishō no. 1881), Fazang uses the statue of a golden Chinese lion as a metaphor for reality. The gold itself stands in for the ultimate principle, which the appearance and relative shape of the lion statue is the relative and dependent phenomena as they are perceived by living beings. Because the ultimate principle is boundless, empty and ceaseless, it is like gold in that it can be transformed into many forms and shapes. Also, even though phenomena appear as particular things, they lack any independent existence, since they all depend on the ultimate principle.
Furthermore, Huayan sees the ultimate principle and the relative phenomena as interdependent, unified and interfused, that is to say, they are non-dual. According to Paul Williams:
First, noumenon and phenomena mutually interpenetrate and are (in a sense) identical. There is no opposition between the two. The one does not cancel out the other. Second, Fazang explains elsewhere that since all things arise interdependently (following Madhyamika), and since the links of interdependence expand throughout the entire universe and at all time (past, present, and future depend upon each other, which is to say the total dharmadhatu arises simultaneously), so in the totality of interdependence, the dharmadhatu, all phenomena are mutually interpenetrating and identical. The ultimate principle is associated with various Mahayana terms referring to ultimate reality, such as the "One Mind" of the Awakening of Faith, Suchness, the tathagatagarbha (the womb of tathagatas), buddha-nature, or just "nature". This nature is the ontological source and ground of all phenomena. This is a key idea in Huayan thought which is called "nature-origination" (xingqi). The term derives from chapter 32 of the Avatamsaka Sutra, titled Nature Origination of the Jewel King Tathagata (Baowang rulai xingqi pin, Skt. Tathâgata-utpatti-sambhava-nirdesa-sûtra).Hamar, Imre. The Manifestation of the Absolute in the Phenomenal World: Nature Origination in Huayan Exegesis. In: Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Tome 94, 2007. pp. 229-250;
Nature origination refers to the manifestation of the ultimate nature in the phenomenal world and its interfusion with it. That is to say, the ultimate pure nature is interdependent on and interpenetrates the entire phenomenal universe, while also being its source. For Huayan patriarchs like Fazang, the ultimate nature is thus seen as non-dual with all relative phenomena. Because the ultimate source of all things is also interdependent and interconnected with them, it remains a ground which is empty of self-existence (svabhava) and thus it is not an independent essence, like a monotheistic God.
The Cosmic Buddha Vairocana
In the cosmology of the Avatamsaka sutra, our world is just one of the immeasurable number of worlds in a multiverse called "Ocean of worlds, whose surface and inside are decorated with an arrangement of flowers" (Kusumatalagarbha-vyuhalamkara-lokadhatu-samudra). The Avatamsaka states that this entire cosmos has been purified by the Buddha Vairocana through his bodhisattva practices for countless aeons, after having met countless Buddhas. The sutra also states that our world is in Vairocana's buddhafield. Vairocana is closely associated with Shakyamuni Buddha, in some cases he is even identified with him in the Avatamsaka Sutra. Huayan generally sees Shakyamuni as an emanation body (nirmanakaya) from the ultimate Buddha Vairocana ("The Illuminator").
Furthermore, Huayan thought sees the entire universe as being the very body of Vairocana, who is seen as a supreme cosmic Buddha. Vairocana is infinite, his influence and light is limitless, pervading the entire universe. Furthermore, Vairocana is really the ultimate principle (li), the Dharmakaya, Suchness and "the substance underlying phenomenal reality". However, while Vairocana as ultimate principle is eternal, it also transforms and changes according to the needs and conditions of sentient beings. Furthermore, Vairocana is empty, interdependent and interfused with all phenomena in the universe. Thus, Vairocana is both immanent (due to its dependent and interfused character) and transcendent (as the immutable basis of all things).
According to Fazang, while the nirmanakaya Shakyamuni taught the other Mahayana sutras, Vairocana teaches the Avatamsaka Sutra through his ten bodies which are: the All-Beings Body, the Lands Body, the Karma Body, the Śrāvakas Body, the Pratyekabuddha Body, the Bodhisattvas Body, the Tathāgatas Body, the Wisdom Body, the Dharma Body, and the Space Body. Fazang sees these ten bodies as encompassing all phenomena (animate and inanimate) in the "three realms", i.e. the entire universe.
Classification of Buddhist teachings
In order to understand the vast number of texts and teachings they had received from India, Chinese Buddhist schools developed schematic classifications of these various teachings (called panjiao), such as the Five Periods and Eight Teachings of the Tiantai school.
The Huayan school patriarch Zhiyan developed a five tiered doctrinal classification of the Buddha's teaching which was expanded on by later figures such as Fazang. The five tiers are:
The Hinayana teachings found in the Agamas and Abhidharma which is grounded in not-self (anatman). Fazang calls this "the teaching of the existence of dharmas and the non-existence of the self".
The Mahayana teachings which focus on emptiness, non-arising and lack of form, and include the Prajñaparamita sutras, Yogacara teachings on consciousness, and Madhyamaka sources like the Mulamadhyamakakarika.
The "Final" Mahayana teaching which according to Fazang teach the "eternal nature of the tathagatagarbha". Fazang writes that this teaching is based on buddha-nature sources like the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, the Awakening of Faith, the Lankavatara, Srimaladevi sutra, Ratnagotravibhaga, and Dilun shastra.
The Sudden Teaching, which is non-verbal and non-conceptual. This was associated with Vimalakirti's silence in the Vimalakirti sutra by Fazang. Chengguan also associated this with the "sudden enlightenment" teachings of the Chan school.
The Complete or Perfect (Ch: yuan, lit. "Round") Teaching of the Avatamsaka sutra and Huayan which teach both the interpenetration of principle (or buddha-nature) and phenomena as well as the interpenetration of all phenomena with each other.
Huayan and Chan had doctrinal arguments regarding which would be the correct concept of sudden awakening. The teachings of the Chan school were regarded as inferior by Huayan masters, a characterization which was rejected by Chan masters.
Practice
The Huayan school developed numerous practices as part of their conception of the bodhisattva path. These include devotional practices, studying, chanting and copying of the Avatamsaka sutra, repentance rituals, recitation of dharanis, and meditation. These various elements might also be combined in ritual manuals such as The Practice of Samantabhadra's Huayan Dharma Realm Aspiration and Realization (華嚴普賢行願修證儀, Taisho Supplement, No. X1473) by Jinshui Jingyuan (靜源) which are still practiced together by Huayan communities during day long events.
Textual practices
According to Paul Williams, one of the central practices for the Huayan tradition was the recitation of the Avatamsaka sutra. The chanting, studying and copying of the sutra was often done in "Huayan assemblies" (Huayanhui), who would meet regularly to chant the sutra. Chanting the entire sutra could take anywhere from a few weeks to several months. Regular chanting of important passages from the sutra is also common, particularly the Bhadracaryāpraṇidhāna (The Aspiration Prayer for Good Conduct), sometimes called the "Vows of Samantabhadra". Solo chanting practice was also common, and another common element of reciting the sutra was bowing to the sutra during the chanting. Since this practice is time-consuming, it was also often done in solitary retreats called biguan, which could last years.
Copying the entire sutra (or passages from the sutra) by hand was also another key practice in this tradition and some sutra copyists were known for their excellent calligraphy. This practice was also sometimes combined with chanting and bowing as well. Another element that was sometimes added to this practice was to use one's own blood in the process of sutra copying (sometimes just blood mixed with the ink). This blood writing was rare, but it was done by a few celebrated figures, like Hanshan Deqing (1546-1623) and the Republican Period monk Shouye.
Contemplation of Buddhas and bodhisattvas
Another practice which is often highlighted in the Avatamsaka sutra is that of buddhānusmṛti (Ch. nianfo), contemplation of the Buddha.
In Chinese Buddhism, one popular method of contemplating the Buddha is to recite the Buddha's name. The practice of reciting the names of the Buddhas was also seen as a way to achieve rebirth in Vairocana's Pure Land, the Lotus Treasury World (Skt. Padmagarbha-lokadhātu; Ch. Lianhuazang shijie 蓮花藏世界). This Pure Land contains the entire universe, including our world, and it is identical with the entire Dharmadhatu. As such, for Huayan, our own world (known as the "Sahā world") is also the Lotus Storehouse Pure Land. Huayan also saw Vairocana's Pure land as non-dual and interfused with Amitabha's Pure Land of Sukhavati.
The practice of Buddha contemplation was promoted by various figures, such as the Huayan patriarchs Chengguan, Zongmi, the Goryeo monk Gyunyeo (923–973) and Peng Shaosheng, a householder scholar of the Qing dynasty.
The patriarch Guīfēng Zōngmì taught four types of buddhānusmṛti (nianfo), a schema that was also adopted by later Chinese figures: These four types of nianfo are the following:
“Contemplation of the name” (chēngmíng niàn 稱名念), modeled on The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra preached by Mañjuśrī (Taisho. 232). One selects Buddha, faces their direction, and then one mentally "holds" (chēngmíng 稱名) the sound of the name until one has a vision of all buddhas.
“Contemplating an image” (guānxiàng niàn 觀像念), based on the Great Jewel Collection Sutra (大寶積經, Dà bǎojī jīng , T.310), which entails contemplating the form of a Buddha by using a Buddha image.
“Contemplating the visualization” (guānxiǎng niàn 觀想念), this entails contemplating a Buddha's body without the aid of a physical image, and is based on sutras like Sutra on the samadhi-ocean of the contemplation of the Buddha (T.643) and Sutra on the samadhi of seated meditation (T.614).
“Contemplating the true mark” (shíxiàng niàn 實相念), which entails the contemplation of the Dharmakaya, the true nature of all dharmas, Dharmata. This is "the true nature of the Buddha" according to The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra Preached by Mañjuśrī, which is "unproduced and unextinguished, neither going nor coming, without name and without feature".
Another leading figure in the teaching of Huayan Nianfo was the 12th century Song monk Yihe (義和) who combined the method of nianfo with Huayan meditation teachings and the practice of the ten vows of Samantabhadra and saw this practice as a method of realizing the Huayan vision of ultimate reality. During the Qing, Baiting Xufa (1641-1728) and the lay scholar Peng Shaosheng (1740–1796) further promoted Huayan-Nianfo methods.
Huayan Pure Land practice also sometimes included devotion to bodhisattvas like Avalokiteshvara. This promoted by figures like the Korean monks Ŭisang and Ch'ewŏn. This devotion included the practice of chanting the names of bodhisattvas and visualizing them in meditation.
Meditation and the fourfold Dharmadhatu
Various Huayan texts provide different frameworks for the practice of meditation and the development of samadhi. Huayan sources mentions two key samadhis, the ocean-seal samadhi (Ch. haiyin sanmei) and the huayan samadhi (huayan sanmei). Some key Huayan sources which discuss meditation include Dushun's Contemplation of the Realm of Reality (Fajie guanmen) and The Ending of Delusion and the Return to the Source (Wangjin huanyuan) attributed to Fazang. Another key text is the "Cessation and Contemplation in the Five Teachings of Huayan" (Huayan wujiao zhiguan 華嚴五教止觀).
Dushun's meditative framework was based on three main stages of contemplation: (1) understanding emptiness as the true nature of all dharmas, (2) understanding that all dharmas are harmonious with the truth, and (3) understanding that all dharmas do not obstruct each other and that each dharma contains all other dharmas.
The theory of the "fourfold Dharmadhatu" (sifajie, 四法界) eventually became the central meditative framework for the Huayan tradition. This doctrinal and meditative framework is explained in Chengguan's meditation manual titled "Meditative Perspectives on the Huayan Dharmadhatu" (Huayan Fajie Guanmen, 華嚴法界觀門) and its commentaries. The Dharmadhatu is the goal of the bodhisattva's practice, the ultimate nature of reality which must be known or entered into. According to Fox, the Fourfold Dharmadhatu is "four cognitive approaches to the world, four ways of apprehending reality".
These four ways of seeing reality are:
All dharmas are seen as particular separate events or phenomena (shi 事). This is the mundane way of seeing and is not a contemplation or meditation, but the pre-meditative perspective.
All events are an expression of li (理, the ultimate principle), which is associated with the concepts of "true emptiness", “One Mind” (yi xin 一心) and Buddha nature. This is the first level of Huayan meditation.
This is the “non-obstruction of principle and phenomena” (lishi wuai 理事無礙), i.e. their interpenetration and interfusion.
All events / phenomena interpenetrate (shishi wuai 事事無礙), which refers to how "all distinct phenomenal dharmas interfuse and penetrate in all ways" (Zongmi). This is also described as “universal pervasion and complete accommodation.”
According to Fox, "these dharmadhatus are not separate worlds – they are actually increasingly more holographic perspectives on a single phenomenological manifold...they more properly represent four types or orders of perspectives on experience." Furthermore, for Huayan, this contemplation is the solution to the problem of suffering which lies in the "fixation or attachment to a particular perspective. What we think are the essences of objects are really therefore nothing but mere names, mere functional designations, and none of these contextual definitions need necessarily interfere with any of the others."
Regarding the practical application of this teaching, Baiting Xufa correlated the practice of nianfo with the fourfold Dharmadhatu as follows:
Nianfo on the level of the realm of phenomena refers to reciting the name of the Buddha as if the Buddha was external to oneself.
Nianfo on the level of the ultimate principle refers to reciting nianfo while knowing it as mind-only (cittamatra).
Nianfo practice on the level of “non-obstruction of principle and phenomena” refers to a nianfo practice which has transcended notions like "buddha", "mind" and "name of the buddha".
Nianfo on the level of the interpenetration of all dharmas refers to the realization that the name of Buddha and the mind is all pervasive throughout the one true dharmadhatu.
The contemplation of the buddhalight
The lay scholar-practitioner Li Tongxuan (635-730) developed a unique meditative practice based on the 9th chapter of the Avatamsaka sutra. The practice, named "the contemplation of Buddhalight" (foguang guan), focused on tracing the universal light which is radiated by the Buddha in one's mind and expanding one's contemplation further and further outwards until it fills the entire universe. This contemplation of the Buddha's light leads to a state of joyful tranquility which leads to insight into emptiness.
The meditative teachings of Li Tongxuan were especially influential on the Japanese Kegon monk Myōe, who promoted a similar practiced that he termed "the Samadhi of Contemplating the Buddha's Radiance" (Japanese: bukkō zanmaikan, 佛光三昧觀).
Esoteric practices
Fazang promoted the practice of several dharanis, such as the Xuanzang's version of the Dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha.
The synthesis of Huayan with Chinese Esoteric Buddhist practices was a feature of the Buddhism of the Khitan Liao Dynasty. Jueyuan, a Huayan monk from Yuanfu Temple during the Liao Dynasty and author of the Dari jing yishi yanmi chao, practiced esoteric rituals like Homa and Abhiseka based on the Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra and the tradition of Yixing. Furthermore, according to Sorensen, the iconography of the Huayan Vairocana Buddha and the Esoteric Mahavairocana also became fused during the post-Tang period.
Important esoteric texts used in this tradition included the: Cundī-dhāraṇī, the Usṇīsavijayā-dhāranī, the Nīlakaṇthaka-dhāranī and the Sutra on the Great Dharma Torch Dhāraṇī ( 大法炬陀羅尼 經, Da faju tuoluoni jing) among others. In the Liao, stupas, pagodas and statues were often empowered with dharanis and mantras. These structures would often be filled or inscribed with dharanis, sutras, or mantras like the Six syllable mantra of Avalokiteshvara. Pillars inscribed with dhāraṇīs and mantras were also common.
The synthesis of Esoteric Buddhist practice with Huayan Buddhism remained popular during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), where Usṇīsavijayā and Cundī practices were some of the most popular. A similar synthesis of Huayan-Chan Buddhism (derived from Zongmi) with esoteric Buddhist teachings and practices from Tibetan Buddhism (mainly Sakya and Kagyu) also occurred in Buddhism of the Western Xia (1038–1227) dynasty.
Dharanis like the Cundī-dhāraṇī, the Usṇīsavijayā-dhāranī, and the Nīlakaṇthaka-dhāranī remain important in modern Huayan Buddhism and are chanted in modern Dharma assemblies. Another dharani / esoteric practice in modern Huayan is the contemplation of the 42 Avatamsaka syllables (a version of the arapacana alphabet, which is a contemplation found in various Mahayana sources).
The Japanese Kegon school was known for adopting many esoteric mantras and practices from the Shingon school. The Kegon monk Myōe was known for his widespread promotion of the popular Mantra of Light (kōmyō shingon, 光明眞言). Due to influence from the Shingon school, today's Kegon school retains numerous esoteric Buddhist elements.
The path and sudden awakening
The Huayan school defended a sudden awakening view. This is because the buddha-nature is already present in all sentient beings, and also because their theory of universal interpenetration entails that Buddhahood is interfused with the very first stage of a bodhisattva's path. Thus, according to patriarch Fazang, “when one first arouses the thought of enlightenment [bodhicitta] one also becomes perfectly enlightened”.
Similarly, Huayan master Li Tongxuan writes:The first access of faith in the mind of the practitioner is in itself the culmination of the entire path, the very realization of final Buddhahood.... ‘Faith’ or confidence in the possibility of enlightenment is nothing but enlightenment itself, in an anticipatory and causative modality.This interpenetration of all elements of the path to awakening is also a consequence of the Huayan view of time, which sees all moments as interfused (including a sentient being's present practice and their eventual future Buddhahood aeons from now). Since time itself is empty, all moments (past, present, and future) are interfused with each other. As Fazang writes, "beginning and end Interpenetrate. On each [bodhisattva] stage, one is thus both a Bodhisattva and a Buddha." As such, Huayan does not understand a bodhisattva's progress through the bodhisattva stages (bhumis) as being linear. Instead, as soon as one reaches the earlier stages of "perfection of faith" (which is part of Huayan's 52 bhumi model), one has also acquired all the stages, as well as Buddhahood. This doctrine of "enlightenment at the stage of faith" (信滿成佛, xinman cheng fo) was a unique feature of Huayan and was first introduced by Fazang.
In Huayan, Buddhahood transcends all concepts, times and stages. Because practice cannot create something that is not immanent, Huayan sees the bodhisattva path as simply revealing what is already there (buddha-nature, which is buddhahood itself concealed within sentient beings). In spite of this doctrine, Huayan patriarchs also argued that the gradual practices of the bodhisattva stages are still necessary. This is because all stages retain their particularity even while being wholly interfused and only through the practice of the bodhisattva path does the immanent Buddhahood manifest.
Thus, according to Li Tongxuan "there is no other enlightenment" than simply following the bodhisattva path, and furthermore:Primordial wisdom is made manifest through meditation; cultivation does not create it or bring it into being. If one simply follows the Bodhisattva Path and learns the bodhisattva practices, primordial wisdom will shine forth of itself....Similarly, patriarch Zongmi held that Buddhahood is reached through "sudden awakening followed by gradual cultivation" and he also held that "sudden and gradual are not only not contradictory, but are actually complementary".
References
Sources
{{Citation | last =Buswell | first =Robert E. | year =1991 | title =The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
Cleary, Thomas, trans. (1993). The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sūtra.
Gimello, Robert; Girard, Frédéric; Hamar, Imre (2012). Avataṃsaka Buddhism in East Asia: Huayan, Kegon, Flower Ornament Buddhism ; origins and adaptation of a visual culture, Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- u. Zentralasiens, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, .
Further reading
Cleary, Thomas (1995). Entry Into the Inconceivable: An Introduction to Hua-Yen Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press; Reprint edition. (Essays by Tang Dynasty Huayen masters)
Fa Zang (2014). "Rafter Dialogue" and "Essay on the Golden Lion," in Justin Tiwald and Bryan W. Van Norden, eds., Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy.'' Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
Gregory, Peter N. (1983). The place of the Sudden Teaching within the Hua-Yen tradition：an investigation of the process of doctrinal change, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 6 (1), 31 - 60
Haiyun Jimeng (2006). The Dawn of Enlightenment - The Opening Passage of Avatamsaka Sutra with a Commentary, Kongting Publishing.
Prince, Tony (2020), Universal Enlightenment - An introduction to the Teachings and Practices of Huayen Buddhism (2nd edn.).
External links
Buddhism in a nutshell - Hua-yen
Chang Chung-Yuan, The World of Shih & Li of Tung-Shan
Flower Adornment Sutra - Hua Yan Jing - Avatamsaka Original Text
Articles by Imre Hamar
Buddhist philosophical concepts
Buddhism in China
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The African fat-tailed gecko or fat-tail gecko (Hemitheconyx caudicinctus) is a ground-dwelling species of gecko from West Africa and Cameroon.
Description
The African fat-tailed gecko is from the subfamily Eublepharinae. This subfamily has clearly different characteristics from other geckos. They are terrestrial, and have moveable eyelids, vertical pupils, and no adhesive lamellae.
The African fat-tailed gecko is typically around 7–8 inches, with females being slightly smaller than males. Normal coloring is brown and tan/beige stripes, with a possible thin white stripe along the length of the back. The underbelly is pale pink or off-white.
The tails of African fat-tailed gecko's are very important to them. Their tails surve as a fat storage for them so when food is scare their tails are able to stuain them for a while. Their tails also contribute significantly to their defense from predators. Like many other gecko's they are able to drop their tails when necessary. This mechanism helps them make a quick escape from predators. They are also able to regranete their tails however it will not resemble the orignal tail. Insted of having ridges that the orignal tail has the new one will regranete smothe and be more bulbous in comparison.
Distribution and habitat
The African fat-tailed gecko is found in West Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria, extending marginally to Central Africa (northern Cameroon). Within their range, these geckos are found in the dry Sahel habitat, as well as in wet or dry savannah habitat. African fat-tailed geckos will spend most of their time in a dark, humid hiding place such as a termite mound.
African fat-tailed geckos have been seen to vary in physical attributes based on their habitat even within specific regions of Africa from size, scale pattern, to color. This allows for them to be able to fend off predators and be successful at repopulating.
Behavior
The African fat-tailed gecko is equipped with the ability to lose its tail when threatened or attacked. If the tail is lost, the new tail will have a more rounded shape, similar to the head. It may not match the body coloration and pattern of the gecko. The tail is also where they store their fat, an important energy reserve. With its tail, an African fat tailed gecko can go days on end without food.
African fat-tailed geckos are reportedly strictly nocturnal, taking shelter from their generally hot and dry environment during the day and emerging at night to forage. They have been found during the day hiding under a variety of cover and will retreat to burrows or hide under rocks or fallen logs.
Diet
African fat-tailed geckos have a primarily insectivorous diet, feeding on various kinds of insects and other invertebrates within their habitats, such as worms, crickets, possibly beetles or cockroaches, etc.
As pets
In the pet trade the African fat-tailed gecko has gained some popularity though is still not as popular as the closely related leopard gecko. With good care, African fat-tailed geckos generally live 15–20 years, although longer may be possible.
Through selective breeding the reptile trade has been able to produce numerous color variants of the African fat-tailed gecko including tangerine, albino, patternless, black out, and aberrant.
References
External links
Caring for an African fat-tailed gecko
African fat-tailed gecko breeding
African fat-tailed gecko gallery
Hemitheconyx
Geckos of Africa
Reptiles of Cameroon
Reptiles of Nigeria
Reptiles of West Africa
Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril
Reptiles described in 1851
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Puaa Kaa State Wayside Park is a state park on the island of Maui, Hawaii. It is located along the Hana Highway approximately east of Kahului. The area consists of of rainforest with waterfalls and pools. The park is at an elevation of and roughly away from Waiohue Bay.
See also
List of Hawaii state parks
References
Protected areas of Maui
State parks of Hawaii
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A point-and-shoot camera, also known as a compact camera and sometimes abbreviated to P&S, is a still camera (either film or digital) designed primarily for simple operation. Most use focus free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, and have flash units built in. They are popular for vernacular photography by people who do not consider themselves photographers but want easy-to-use cameras for snapshots of vacations, parties, reunions and other events.
Most compact digital cameras use small 1/2.3-type (“1/2.3-inch”) image sensors, but since 2008, a few non-interchangeable lens compact cameras use a larger sensor such as 1.0-type (“1-inch”), APS-C (e.g. Fujifilm X100 series), or even full frame (e.g. Sony RX1 series). Most models prioritize being operated in auto mode, but some high end point-and-shoot cameras have PASM (program, aperture priority, shutter priority, and manual modes) on the mode dial, raw image format, and a hot shoe. None have interchangeable lenses, but some have secondary lens mounts.
Point-and-shoots have been by far the best selling type of standalone camera, as distinct from camera phones. However, point-and-shoot camera sales declined after about 2010 as smartphones overtook them in usage. To overcome market shrinkage, compact camera manufacturers began making higher-end versions with a stylish metal body.
Types of point-and-shoot digital cameras
Current point-and-shoot digital cameras have coalesced into three categories:
premium compact cameras with a large sensor and prime lens optimized for travel and street photography;
vlogging cameras with a flip screen and wide-angle or ultra wide-angle lens;
travel zoom cameras with a compact body.
Fixed-lens cameras that include an all-in-one superzoom lens in a large DSLR-style body are known as bridge cameras.
Types of point-and-shoot film cameras
The lowest-end point-and-shoot film cameras are similar to disposable cameras, but can be reloaded. These cameras have focus-free lenses, with fixed apertures. They may or may not have a light meter. Most have a wheel or lever for advancing the film and cocking the shutter, and a crank for returning the film to the canister for unloading. Because of the fixed apertures, models with flash have no way of controlling the exposure from the flash. Therefore, flash pictures have to be taken within a narrow range of distance from the subject.
Advanced models use automatic focus and have variable apertures. They all have light meters. They use electric motors to advance and rewind the film. They are much more versatile than the low-end models. They are also likely to have zoom lenses, more advanced auto-focus systems, exposure systems with manual controls, larger apertures and sharper lenses. They may have special lamps or pre-flash systems designed to reduce red eye in flash pictures of people.
Comparison to SLRs and DSLRs
Point-and-shoot cameras are distinguished from single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) in several respects: point-and-shoot film cameras, and many digital ones, use a viewfinder. The image that the photographer sees is not the same image that passes through the primary lens of the camera. Rather, the image in the viewfinder passes through a separate lens. SLRs, on the other hand, have only one lens, and a mirror diverts the image from the lens into the viewfinder; that mirror then retracts when the picture is taken so that the image can be recorded on the film or sensor. With this mechanism, pictures cannot be previewed on the LCD screens of most digital SLRs (DSLRs). Some manufacturers have found a way around this limitation, often by splitting the image into two just before reaching the viewfinder eyepiece. One image goes into the viewfinder and the other goes into a low resolution image sensor to allow light metering or previewing on the LCD, or both.
Digital cameras share one advantage of the SLR design, as the camera's display image comes through the lens, not a separate viewfinder. Mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras (MILCs) lack a mirror but in many ways can be used the same as DSLRs. Many smaller digital point-and-shoots of the 2010s omit the viewfinder and use only the screen.
With SLR cameras, it is important that the image in the viewfinder be the same image recorded by the film or sensor, so that the effect of the add-on lenses and filters can be seen by the photographer. Point-and-shoot cameras generally don't have such add-on devices, hence no need.
Small cameras, including digital ones, encourage the occurrence of photographic orbs unexpected, typically circular artifacts that occur in flash photography where the short distance between the lens and the built-in flash decreases the angle of light reflection to the lens. The resulting retroreflection makes dust particles bright and visible.
Sales decline
According to the NPD Group, up to end of November 2011 point-and-shoot cameras took 44 percent of photos, down from 52 percent in 2010, while camera-equipped smartphones took 27 percent of photos in 2011, up from 17 percent. Unit total sales of all types of point-and-shoot cameras declined by 17 percent year on year, but increased by 16 percent for cameras having optical zoom greater than 10x.
At the end of 2012, more than one brand offered point-and-shoot cameras with 24x optical superzoom as compensation of sales decline and in later years longer zooms became commonplace. Concurrently with rising sales of smartphones, the sales of more advanced cameras like SLRs have also increased, at the expense of point-and-shoot.
Point-and-shoot camera sales dropped by about 40 percent in 2013, particularly for inexpensive cameras. Fujifilm and Olympus stopped development of low-end point-and-shoot cameras and focused on mid and high-end cameras at higher prices.
Shipment dropped to 12 million units in 2016, only one-tenth of the peak reached in 2008.
Types of film
Most film-based point-and-shoots made after the late 1980s use 35mm film. The key innovations that made 35mm point-and-shoot cameras possible were automatic film loading and automatic advance and rewind. Advanced Photo System film was mildly popular in the 1990s. 126 film was also popular during the 1970s.
Terminology
The terms "point and shoot" and "compact camera" are used differently in different parts of the world. In the UK point-and-shoot predominantly means a fully automatic camera, regardless of size or shape.
A "compact camera" on the other hand, has a small body, regardless of any fully automatic capabilities. Thus a DSLR can have point-and-shoot modes, and some compact cameras are not designed for point and shoot operation, with the equivalent controls to a DSLR.
The use of "point-and-shoot" to mean a small or compact camera regardless of automation capabilities has long been predominant in the US, and in the 21st century it began spreading elsewhere.
The term "compact system camera" has also been used to refer to mirrorless cameras.
See also
List of large sensor fixed-lens cameras
List of superzoom compact cameras
List of bridge cameras
Digital photography
Electronic viewfinder
References
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