Azerbaijani - Wikilangs Models

Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study

This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on Azerbaijani Wikipedia data. We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.

📋 Repository Contents

Models & Assets

• Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
• N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
• Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
• Subword N-gram and Markov chains
• Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
• Language Vocabulary
• Language Statistics

Analysis and Evaluation

• 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
• 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
• 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
• 4. Vocabulary Analysis
• 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
• 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
• 7. Summary & Recommendations
• Metrics Glossary
• Visualizations Index

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1. Tokenizer Evaluation

Results

Vocab Size	Compression	Avg Token Len	UNK Rate	Total Tokens
8k	3.945x	3.95	0.0962%	1,248,644
16k	4.426x	4.43	0.1079%	1,113,127
32k	4.825x	4.83	0.1176%	1,021,125
64k	5.131x 🏆	5.13	0.1251%	960,074

Tokenization Examples

Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:

Sample 1: () — aləminin dəstəsinin fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi. Sinonimləri Heterotipik sin...

Vocab	Tokens	Count
8k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁cinsi . ▁sinonimləri ... (+6 more)	16
16k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁cinsi . ▁sinonimləri ... (+6 more)	16
32k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁cinsi . ▁sinonimləri ... (+6 more)	16
64k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁cinsi . ▁sinonimləri ... (+6 more)	16

Sample 2: () — aləminin dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü. Sinonimləri Homotip...

Vocab	Tokens	Count
8k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+8 more)	18
16k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+8 more)	18
32k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+8 more)	18
64k	▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+8 more)	18

Sample 3: .lr — Liberiyanın internet kodu. Xarici keçidlər IANA .lr whois information səvi...

Vocab	Tokens	Count
8k	▁. l r ▁— ▁li ber iyanın ▁internet ▁kodu . ... (+18 more)	28
16k	▁. l r ▁— ▁liber iyanın ▁internet ▁kodu . ▁xarici ... (+13 more)	23
32k	▁. lr ▁— ▁liber iyanın ▁internet ▁kodu . ▁xarici ▁keçidlər ... (+8 more)	18
64k	▁. lr ▁— ▁liber iyanın ▁internet ▁kodu . ▁xarici ▁keçidlər ... (+8 more)	18

Key Findings

• Best Compression: 64k achieves 5.131x compression
• Lowest UNK Rate: 8k with 0.0962% unknown tokens
• Trade-off: Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
• Recommendation: 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use

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2. N-gram Model Evaluation

Results

N-gram	Variant	Perplexity	Entropy	Unique N-grams	Top-100 Coverage	Top-1000 Coverage
2-gram	Word	267,397	18.03	1,224,963	4.8%	13.7%
2-gram	Subword	404 🏆	8.66	18,219	58.1%	97.7%
3-gram	Word	584,031	19.16	1,748,154	4.1%	9.8%
3-gram	Subword	3,741	11.87	158,841	20.7%	61.1%
4-gram	Word	1,231,291	20.23	3,034,353	3.9%	8.4%
4-gram	Subword	21,126	14.37	962,195	10.3%	32.7%
5-gram	Word	931,111	19.83	2,270,890	4.5%	9.8%
5-gram	Subword	81,852	16.32	3,259,009	6.2%	20.7%

Top 5 N-grams by Size

2-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	və ya	84,279
2	xarici keçidlər	65,570
3	həmçinin bax	61,824
4	i̇stinadlar xarici	45,903
5	i̇stinadlar həmçinin	30,953

3-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	i̇stinadlar xarici keçidlər	45,411
2	i̇stinadlar həmçinin bax	30,925
3	fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid	20,614
4	dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə	18,390
5	aid bitki növü	17,244

4-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid	18,390
2	cinsinə aid bitki növü	17,225
3	fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki	17,194
4	aləminin dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə	14,711
5	növü i̇stinadlar həmçinin bax	10,186

5-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü	17,191
2	dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki	15,001
3	aləminin dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid	14,711
4	cinsinə aid bitki növü i̇stinadlar	9,355
5	yeni ümumi kataloqda qeydə alınmış	8,316

2-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	n _	8,039,357
2	ə _	6,502,225
3	i n	6,211,070
4	a r	5,368,955
5	ə r	5,307,819

3-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	l ə r	2,430,392
2	l a r	2,275,096
3	d ə _	2,158,334
4	i n _	2,041,519
5	a n _	1,830,488

4-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	_ v ə _	1,480,720
2	l ə r i	1,249,750
3	l a r ı	1,061,145
4	i n d ə	1,055,926
5	n i n _	957,274

5-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	i n i n _	790,811
2	l ə r i n	652,788
3	i n d ə _	641,243
4	l a r ı n	574,577
5	ı n d a _	522,632

Key Findings

• Best Perplexity: 2-gram (subword) with 404
• Entropy Trend: Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
• Coverage: Top-1000 patterns cover ~21% of corpus
• Recommendation: 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance

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3. Markov Chain Evaluation

Results

Context	Variant	Avg Entropy	Perplexity	Branching Factor	Unique Contexts	Predictability
1	Word	0.9399	1.918	11.42	1,720,154	6.0%
1	Subword	1.1732	2.255	8.01	8,102	0.0%
2	Word	0.3192	1.248	1.95	19,621,953	68.1%
2	Subword	0.7463	1.678	5.27	64,909	25.4%
3	Word	0.1046	1.075	1.20	38,212,993	89.5%
3	Subword	0.8107	1.754	4.76	342,087	18.9%
4	Word	0.0352 🏆	1.025	1.06	45,793,057	96.5%
4	Subword	0.7288	1.657	3.64	1,627,867	27.1%

Generated Text Samples (Word-based)

Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:

Context Size 1:

1. və 25 cilddə v əsr kilsələri keçmiş rodeziya adlı ilk britaniya və həyat və proqramlar efir
2. ildə fiziki cəhətdən əlverişsiz şərait yaratdı o təbriz universitetində asiya ölkələrinə marşal çini...
3. ilə yenidən tamaşaya qoyur və şirvanşahlar taxtında gözü ilə habelə qafqazın qərbi avropada və genos...

Context Size 2:

1. və ya yalan olan bir cismin səthinin digər cismin səthi arasındakı əlaqəni araşdırır i̇sbat nəzəriyy...
2. xarici keçidlər ssr xalq hərbi dəniz nazirinin köməkçisi içləyib ilin iyun ayında çimkent şəhəri res...
3. i̇stinadlar xarici keçidlər yanvar kaltenbrunner bir parade videosu nuremberg duruşmasında kaltenbru...

Context Size 3:

1. i̇stinadlar xarici keçidlər profile at sport resutls org kişi velosipedçilər sürücüləri yay olimpiya...
2. fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü sinonimləri heterotipik sinonimləri i̇stinadlar həmçinin bax i̇ra...
3. dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü i̇stinadlar həmçinin bax nizami süleymanov kərrar əbil...

Context Size 4:

1. dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid heyvan növü i̇stinadlar həmçinin bax ildə təsvir edilən sərtqanad...
2. cinsinə aid bitki növü təbii yayılması botaniki təsviri ekologiyası azərbaycanda yayılması i̇stifadə...
3. fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü i̇stinadlar həmçinin bax ildə təsvir edilən bitkilər ildə təsvir ...

Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)

Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:

Context Size 1:

1. _sindırə,_ke_enı
2. ak,_xşdinrmisə_i
3. inı_bondəkilayaq

Context Size 2:

1. n_bələ_hüsymətliq
2. ə_onlan_ehrə_il_m
3. indlaşı_atınd_eds

Context Size 3:

1. lər_kuboku_olanmas
2. lar._söz_əlaqədi_b
3. də_yabr_ilə_yer,_r

Context Size 4:

1. _və_təhsili_ilə_çıx
2. lərini_100_mində_il
3. indən_yazdı,_lakin_

Key Findings

• Best Predictability: Context-4 (word) with 96.5% predictability
• Branching Factor: Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
• Memory Trade-off: Larger contexts require more storage (1,627,867 contexts)
• Recommendation: Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation

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4. Vocabulary Analysis

Statistics

Metric	Value
Vocabulary Size	756,239
Total Tokens	53,635,250
Mean Frequency	70.92
Median Frequency	4
Frequency Std Dev	2293.39

Most Common Words

Rank	Word	Frequency
1	və	1,485,732
2	ildə	413,531
3	ilə	412,011
4	bir	365,123
5	bu	360,987
6	də	230,701
7	üçün	222,167
8	azərbaycan	221,202
9	olan	220,810
10	sonra	181,029

Least Common Words (from vocabulary)

Rank	Word	Frequency
1	gallaghers	2
2	liamın	2
3	liamla	2
4	backstab	2
5	antonioi	2
6	nipissinq	2
7	votivkirche	2
8	pirtle	2
9	takaxasinin	2
10	caporael	2

Zipf's Law Analysis

Metric	Value
Zipf Coefficient	0.9645
R² (Goodness of Fit)	0.992387
Adherence Quality	excellent

Coverage Analysis

Top N Words	Coverage
Top 100	20.8%
Top 1,000	45.3%
Top 5,000	65.5%
Top 10,000	73.7%

Key Findings

• Zipf Compliance: R²=0.9924 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
• High Frequency Dominance: Top 100 words cover 20.8% of corpus
• Long Tail: 746,239 words needed for remaining 26.3% coverage

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5. Word Embeddings Evaluation

5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment

5.2 Model Comparison

Model	Dimension	Isotropy	Semantic Density	Alignment R@1	Alignment R@10
mono_32d	32	0.8140 🏆	0.3681	N/A	N/A
mono_64d	64	0.8077	0.2833	N/A	N/A
mono_128d	128	0.7661	0.2223	N/A	N/A
aligned_32d	32	0.8140	0.3594	0.1680	0.4820
aligned_64d	64	0.8077	0.2928	0.2820	0.7100
aligned_128d	128	0.7661	0.2246	0.4440	0.7780

Key Findings

• Best Isotropy: mono_32d with 0.8140 (more uniform distribution)
• Semantic Density: Average pairwise similarity of 0.2918. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
• Alignment Quality: Aligned models achieve up to 44.4% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
• Recommendation: 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance

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6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)

This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.

6.1 Productivity & Complexity

Metric	Value	Interpretation	Recommendation
Productivity Index	5.000	High morphological productivity	Reliable analysis
Idiomaticity Gap	-0.527	Low formulaic content	-

6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)

These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.

Productive Prefixes

Prefix	Examples

Productive Suffixes

Suffix	Examples
-n	kinopovestin, kristofferson, morfologiyasının
-a	metraja, irradiyasiya, razumovskaya
-in	kinopovestin, kriolitin, şikin
-ın	morfologiyasının, başın, buxtaların
-an	mozaikasından, qaçmazdan, tsiklopropan
-ar	vəzifəsimajoritar, yaratmışlar, tubalar
-ən	pərakəndəliyindən, gərginləşməsindən, birincidən
-nın	morfologiyasının, tistanın, andrianın

6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)

Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.

Stem	Cohesion	Substitutability	Examples
ərba	2.70x	42 contexts	ərbaa, ərbab, lərba
rbay	2.38x	53 contexts	orbay, arbay, erbay
arix	2.17x	73 contexts	larix, tarix, farix
ayca	2.82x	24 contexts	cayca, tayca, sayca
mişd	1.65x	164 contexts	mişdi, emişdi, mişdir
nlar	1.37x	429 contexts	anlar, nları, onlar
ərəf	1.80x	86 contexts	şərəf, ərəfə, tərəf
lmiş	1.76x	94 contexts	ölmiş, almiş, olmiş
mışd	1.60x	142 contexts	mışdı, mışdır, camışda
ycan	2.94x	13 contexts	aycan, bəycan, beycan
qlar	1.45x	196 contexts	aqlar, qlarn, lıqlar
əfin	1.66x	97 contexts	rəfin, dəfin, səfinə

6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)

This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.

No significant affix co-occurrences detected.

6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation

Using Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., prefix-prefix-root-suffix).

Word	Suggested Split	Confidence	Stem
foneminin	fonem-in-in	6.0	fonem
təmsillərinin	təmsillər-in-in	6.0	təmsillər
qətiyyətinin	qətiyyət-in-in	6.0	qətiyyət
büküşlərinin	büküşlər-in-in	6.0	büküşlər
hədisçilərinin	hədisçilər-in-in	6.0	hədisçilər
planlaşdırmaqda	planlaşdırmaq-da	4.5	planlaşdırmaq
bölmələrimizin	bölmələrimiz-in	4.5	bölmələrimiz
heteranın	hetera-nın	4.5	hetera
somervillin	somervill-in	4.5	somervill
tanımanın	tanıma-nın	4.5	tanıma
meyitlərin	meyitlər-in	4.5	meyitlər
kameralizmin	kameralizm-in	4.5	kameralizm
burnettin	burnett-in	4.5	burnett
mussadıqın	mussadıq-ın	4.5	mussadıq
qalaçanın	qalaça-nın	4.5	qalaça

6.6 Linguistic Interpretation

Automated Insight: The language Azerbaijani shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.

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7. Summary & Recommendations

Production Recommendations

Component	Recommended	Rationale
Tokenizer	64k BPE	Best compression (5.13x)
N-gram	2-gram	Lowest perplexity (404)
Markov	Context-4	Highest predictability (96.5%)
Embeddings	100d	Balanced semantic capture and isotropy

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Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide

This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.

Tokenizer Metrics

Compression Ratio

Definition: The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.

Intuition: Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.

What to seek: Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.

Average Token Length (Fertility)

Definition: Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.

Intuition: Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.

What to seek: Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.

Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)

Definition: Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.

Intuition: Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.

What to seek: Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.

N-gram Model Metrics

Perplexity

Definition: Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.

Intuition: If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.

What to seek: Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.

Entropy

Definition: Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.

Intuition: High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.

What to seek: Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.

Coverage (Top-K)

Definition: Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.

Intuition: High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.

What to seek: Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.

Markov Chain Metrics

Average Entropy

Definition: Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.

Intuition: Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).

What to seek: Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.

Branching Factor

Definition: Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.

Intuition: High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).

What to seek: Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.

Predictability

Definition: Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.

Intuition: 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.

What to seek: Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.

Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics

Zipf's Coefficient

Definition: The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.

Intuition: A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.

What to seek: Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.

R² (Coefficient of Determination)

Definition: Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.

Intuition: R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.

What to seek: R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.

Vocabulary Coverage

Definition: Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.

Intuition: Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.

What to seek: Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.

Word Embedding Metrics

Isotropy

Definition: Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.

Intuition: High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.

What to seek: Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.

Average Norm

Definition: Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.

Intuition: Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.

What to seek: Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).

Cosine Similarity

Definition: Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).

Intuition: Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.

What to seek: Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.

t-SNE Visualization

Definition: t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.

Intuition: Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.

What to seek: Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.

General Interpretation Guidelines

1. Compare within model families: Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
2. Consider trade-offs: Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
3. Context matters: Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
4. Corpus influence: All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
5. Language-specific patterns: Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.

Visualizations Index

Visualization	Description
Tokenizer Compression	Compression ratios by vocabulary size
Tokenizer Fertility	Average token length by vocabulary
Tokenizer OOV	Unknown token rates
Tokenizer Total Tokens	Total tokens by vocabulary
N-gram Perplexity	Perplexity by n-gram size
N-gram Entropy	Entropy by n-gram size
N-gram Coverage	Top pattern coverage
N-gram Unique	Unique n-gram counts
Markov Entropy	Entropy by context size
Markov Branching	Branching factor by context
Markov Contexts	Unique context counts
Zipf's Law	Frequency-rank distribution with fit
Vocab Frequency	Word frequency distribution
Top 20 Words	Most frequent words
Vocab Coverage	Cumulative coverage curve
Embedding Isotropy	Vector space uniformity
Embedding Norms	Vector magnitude distribution
Embedding Similarity	Word similarity heatmap
Nearest Neighbors	Similar words for key terms
t-SNE Words	2D word embedding visualization
t-SNE Sentences	2D sentence embedding visualization
Position Encoding	Encoding method comparison
Model Sizes	Storage requirements
Performance Dashboard	Comprehensive performance overview

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About This Project

Data Source

Models trained on wikipedia-monthly - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.

Project

A project by Wikilangs - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.

Maintainer

Omar Kamali - Omneity Labs

Citation

If you use these models in your research, please cite:

@misc{wikilangs2025,
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
}

License

MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.

Links

• 🌐 Website: wikilangs.org
• 🤗 Models: huggingface.co/wikilangs
• 📊 Data: wikipedia-monthly
• 👤 Author: Omar Kamali
• 🤝 Sponsor: Featherless AI

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Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline

Report Date: 2026-01-04 14:36:36